• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.52-62
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• 2016

Smart City is urban development for complex problem solving that provides convenience and safety for citizens, and it is a blueprint for future cities. In 2008, the Korean government defined the construction, management, and government support of U-Cities in the legislation, Act on the Construction, Etc. of Ubiquitous Cities (Ubiquitous City Act), which included definitions of terms used in the act. In addition, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has established a "ubiquitous city master plan" considering this legislation. The concept of U-Cities is complex, due to the mix of informatization and urban planning. Because of this complexity, the foundation of relevant regulations is inadequate, which is impeding the establishment and implementation of practical plans. Smart City intelligent service facilities are not easy to define and classify, because technology is rapidly changing and includes various devices for gathering and expressing information. The purpose of this study is to complement the legal definition of the intelligent service facility, which is necessary for integrated management and operation. The related laws and regulations on U-City were analyzed using text-mining techniques to identify insufficient legal definitions of intelligent service facilities. Using data gathered from interviews with officials responsible for constructing U-Cities, this study identified problems generated by implementing intelligent service facilities at the field level. This strategy should contribute to improved efficiency management, the foundation for building integrated utilization between departments. Efficiencies include providing a clear concept for establishing five-year renewable plans for U-Cities.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.273-302
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• 2015

The term "peaceful uses of outer space" in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty appears in official government statements and multilateral outer space related treaties. However, the examination of the state practice leads to the conclusion that this term is still without an authoritative definition. As far as the meaning of 'peaceful use' in international law is concerned the same phrases in the UN Charter, the 1963 Treaty of Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere in Outer Space and Under Water, the 1956 Statute of IAEA, the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the 1972 United Nations Conference of the Human Environment were analysed As far as the meaning of 'peaceful uses of outer space' is concerned the same phrases the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, the 1979 Moon Treaty and the 1977 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques(ENMOD) were studied. According to Article IV of the 1967 Outer Space treaty, states shall not place in orbit around the earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kind of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies repeats in Article III much of the Outer Space Treaty. This article prohibits the threat or use of force or any other hostile act on the moon and the use of the moon to commit such an act in relation to the earth or to space objects. This adds IN principle nothing to the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty relating to military space activities. The 1977 ENMOD refers to peaceful purposes in the preamble and in Article III. As far as the UN Resolutions are concerned, the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exp1oration and Use of Outer Space, the 1992 Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space(NPS) were studied. And as far the Soft Laws are concerned the 2008 Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT), the 2002 Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Prolifiration(HCoC) and 2012 Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities(ICoC) were studied.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2017

Korea is preparing an offshore carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) demonstration project which is recognized as one of important $CO_2$ reduction technologies to mitigate climate change. The offshore CCS project aims to transport, inject and store large amount of $CO_2$ into offshore geologic formation, and has a potential risk of leakage which might cause disastrous damage to human health, environment and property. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of the offshore CCS project, a strict HSE (health, safety and environment) management plan and its implementation are required throughout the project life cycle. However, there are no HSE domestic laws or regulations applicable to CCS projects, and the related research is insufficient in Korea. For the derivation of the essential and urgent requirement in HSE management framework applicable to the offshore CCS project in Korea, we analysed the HSE management methodologies and foreign CCS HSE management guidelines and cases. First, this paper has analyzed ISO 31000, a generalized risk management principles. Second, we have investigated the HSE management practices of CCS projects in Norway and UK. Based on the analyses, we suggested the necessity of developing the HSE Philosophy and the HSE management process through the whole life cycle. Application of HSE management in early phase of an offshore CCS project will promote systematic and successful project implementation in a cost-effective and safe way.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.148-165
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• 2015

The Cultural Properties Protection Law Act 1962 has been achieving its role for systematic preservation, management and application of the cultural heritage under rapid economic growth circumstances through continuing revisions. Introduced the influence review system for cultural heritages in 2000, and legislated the guideline for the state-change allowance standard for the National Cultural Heritage in 2006 in specific, the law has been contributing significantly for the cultural properties and historical/cultural environment preservation, along with increase in administrative efficiency and improvement on settlement environment. However, increase in public awareness about the cultural property's value and the needs for the local revitalization by utilizing the heritages, while some allowance standard not peoperly delivering the surrounding conditions, such as the value of the properties and their substantial characteristics, land utilization, etc. being applied, complaints from the local residents are increasing continuously. Thus this research focuses on clear vision/value of the heritage and apply them to create the review criteria for the state-change allowance per heritages. Here we set the Focus of Landscape Management Indicators in order to actively preserve and manage the physical characteristics and the native value by analyzing the Cultural Heritage Protection Laws and related guidelines, manuals and research papers, and redesign the cultural propertiy's classification scheme and propose the Review Standard for state-change from the view point of changing the current state. With this research, we expect increase in the satisfaction for the Property management system with public understanding promotion regarding the Standards by applying the reviewed state-change allowance Standards, white securing the consistency for the review criteria as well as the systematic management of historical/cultural environment with their typification characteristics and the value for short-term.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.375-402
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• 2020

The adoption and entering into force of the Registration Convention was another achievement in expanding and strengthening the corpus iuris spatialis. It was the fourth treaty negotiated by the member states of the UNCOPUOS and it elaborates further Articles 5 and 8 of the Outer Space Treaty(OST). The Registration Convention also complements and strengthens the Article 11 of the OST, which stipulates an obligation of state parties to inform the UN Secretary-General of the nature, conduct, locations, and results of their space activities in order to promote international cooperation. The prevailing purposes of the Registration Convention is the clarification of "jurisdiction and control" as a comprehensive concept mentioned in Article 5 8 of the OST. In addition to its overriding objective, the Registration Convention also contributes to the promotion and the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Establishing and maintaining a public register reduces the possibility of the existence of unidentified space objects and thereby lowers the risk such as, for example, putting the weapons of mass destruction secretly into orbit. And furthermore it could serve for a better space traffic management. The Registration Convention is a treaty established to implement Article 5 of OST for the rescue and return of astronaut in more detail. In this respect, if OST is a general law, the Registration Convention would be said to be in a special law. If two laws conflict the principle of lex specialis will be applied. Countries that have not joined the Registration Convention will have to follow the rules concerning the registration of paragraph 7 of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 1721 (X V I) in 1961. UN Resolution 1721 (XVI) is essentially non-binding, but appears to have evolved into the norm of customary international law requiring all States launching space objects into orbit or beyond to promptly provide information about their launchings for registration to the United Nations. However, the nature and scope of the information to be supplied is left to the discretion of the notifying State. The Registration Convention is a treaty created for compulsory registration of space objects by nations, but in reality it is a treaty that does not deviate from existing practice because it is based on voluntary registration. With the situation of dealing with new problems due to the commercialization and privatization of the space market, issues related to the definition of a 'space object', including matter of the registry state of new state that purchased space objects and space debris matter caused by the suspension of space objects launched by the registry state should be considered as matters when amendments, additional protocols or new Registration Convention are established. Also the question of registration of a flight vehicle in the commercial space market using a space vehicle traveling in a sub-orbital in a short time should be considered.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.2021-2031
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• 2013

Due to the rapid economic growth within the nation, the quality of life of individuals have improved dramatically. The scope of living activities of individuals have also extended, resulting in a rapidly increasing demand for automobiles. The number of vehicles registered in Korea is rapidly increasing and will reach 188.71 million as of December 2012. Compared to the registered residents of 50.94 million provided by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, the registered population reflects about 4 people per every automobile. Due to the high demands for vehicles, the demands for parking lots in collective housing and businesses are also increasing. In reality, the current state of expansion of parking lots are underground, due to the limited available space on ground level. Specifically, the slope of a parking lot cannot exceed 17% linear slope and 14% curved slope according to the 'parking lot laws', however studies show that the driver feels at risk for safety when stopped on the parking ramp while driving in the parking lot. This study seeks to examine the suitability of parking lot ramps, concerning the safety aspects of the driver. First, the ramp type was categorized as linear or curved, then test drives were performed based on variations of slopes, slant distances, directions and points. A survey was administered to the driver after the completion of the test drive, in order to element design for an ideal ramp. In the case of curved ramp, the results of the estimate suggests a counterclockwise, slope at a maximum of 12% incline. The maximum slope for a linear ramp was analyzed to be between 13~14%, suggesting that slope greater than 15% need to be eliminated. In conclusion, it is anticipated that the element design parking ramp reported in this study will help to serve as a reference for future parking lot related guidelines, and provide cost effective traffic safety mechanisms in future parking lot businesses to follow.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to improve upon school health by understanding the present status of school health and escpecially to investigate the performance rate of regular health instruction. 261 schools, including middle and high schools enrolled in the Busan Educational Association, were sent Questionnaires. Data was collected from the 25th of January to the 10th of April, 1994. 229 subjects who responded to the Questionnaires were finally analyzed as samples. Among them, 127 were school nurses and 102 were teachers acting in a school health capacity. The results of this study are summerized as follows: Of the teachers holding additional school health responsibilities, $85.6\%$ worked in private schools. Many of them $(74.5\%)$ were formally dissatisfied with their ability to provide care because $85.3\%$ of them had never studied any school health. Some of them$(30.4\%)$ didn't know about the annual school nursing budget and $23.5\%$ of them hadn't taught any health education to students. In spite of this fact, they were placed in charge of a school health activity against their own will. There were statistically significant differences in the performance of school health affairs between nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) as follows: annual school nursing budget, Health Program Planning and Evaluation, annual purchase price for medicines, average students cared for per day, average students who held at least one consultation per month and extra. Surely, the self-confidence of school nurses was higher than that of teachers with school health as an assigned responsibility. This was demonstrated by a significant statistical difference (p<0.01) in the responses by the two groups. $88.2\%$ of the school nurses and $73.5\%$ of teachers for school health thought that regular health instruction was necessary. But regular health education had been performed only by $32.8\%$ of respondents. Among them, 84% were school nurses and $16\%$ were teachers holding additional school health. Of the persons who performed regular health education, $69.3\%$ used less than $60\%$ of the health content of the athletic textbook. And $64\%$ of them said teaching materials were insufficient. Most of them $(69.4\%)$used home made lesson plans. which they compiled from various sources. There was a significant difference in the formality of the health lesson according to the concern of the school principal (p<0.01) and there was a significant difference in performing health education between school nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) It appears that there are a lot of problems with providing school health care using people who are untrained. In a word, school health nurses with professional training are needed in order to perform the qualitative management for the health of the students. These days, regular health education is an indispensable part in making students improve their self-care abilities. Therefore a more effective and better defined program should be prepared for regular systematic health education. To resolve these problems, present laws and regulations related to school health should be revised considering the specialist's request for the improvement of school health. In addition, the concern and financial support of the government are essential.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Startups in Korea are experiencing for themselves the laws of survival through competition in the local and international market, and are performing active business movements based on these. Korea's economic growth rate is 2.6% due to the slump in the domestic demand and reduced exports brought by the MERSC incident in 2015. The Korea Development Institute has estimated the economic growth rate in 2016 to be around 3.0%. South Korea's economy is facing the crisis of low-growth solidification due to the decrease in economic growth, and it is forecasted that growth without employment and polarization will worsen. Startups in the high-tech industrial generation of a particular field wherein the market environment is rapidly changing must maintain a competitive advantage with the capabilities and functions exclusive to them. It is very important that they maintain a competitive edge by utilizing the capabilities exclusive to startup companies. Likewise, the accumulation of resources is also crucial in determining the success of a startup business. In a poor local startup ecosystem, majority of the startup companies are performing their business activities while striving for survival, rather than success. About 80% are struggling to survive and are failing to overcome the "Death Valley" faced 3-5 years after establishing the company. Since majority of the startups fail to achieve results during the initial stages of foundation, the importance of research on business activities and achievement during the early stages of establishment is being raised. In accordance to this, this research has performed an actual analysis on how the activities of startups during their preparation phase and early stages affect their achievements. A survey was done on the CEOs or executives (people in a position to make decisions) of local small and medium-sized enterprises that are considered start-ups, and 203 valid data were collected and analyzed. Results showed that the discoveries and utilized activities necessary for the businesses of startups have a significant impact on their achievement through the entrepreneur resources and external partners' cooperation; additionally, the related implications were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2012

Carbon dioxide, emitted by human activities since the industrial revolution, is regarded as a major contributor of global warming. There are many efforts to mitigate climate change, and carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCS) is recognized as one of key technologies because it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources such as a power station or other industrial installation. The inclusion of CCS as clean development mechanism (CDM) project activities has been considered at UNFCCC as financial incentive mechanisms for those developing countries that may wish to deploy the CCS. Although the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol (CMP), at Cancun in December 2010, decided that CCS is eligible as CDM project activities, the issues identified in decision 2/CMP.5 should be addressed and resolved in a satisfactory manner. Major issues regarding modalities and procedure are 1) Site selection, 2) Monitoring, 3) Modeling, 4) Boundaries, 5) Seepage Measuring and Accounting, 6) Trans-Boundary Effects, 7) Accounting of Associated Project Emissions (Leakage), 8) Risk and Safety Assessment, and 9) Liability Under the CDM Scheme. The CMP, by its decision 7/CMP.6, invited Parties to submit their views to the secretariat of Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), SBSTA prepared a draft modalities and procedure by exchanging views of Parties through workshop held in Abu Dhabi, UAE (September 2011). The 7th CMP (Durban, December 2011) finally adopted the modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project activities (CMP[2011], Decision-/CMP.7). The inclusion of CCS as CDM project activities means that CCS is officially accredited as one of $CO_2$ reducing technologies in global carbon market. Consequently, it will affect relevant technologies and industry as well as law and policy in Korea and aboard countries. This paper presents a progress made on discussion and challenges regarding the issue, and aims to suggest some considerations to policy makers in Korea in order to demonstrate and deploy the CCS project in the near future. According to the adopted modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project activities, it is possible to implement relevant CCS projects in Non-Annex I countries, including Korea, as long as legal and regulatory frameworks are established. Though Korea enacted 'Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth', the details are too inadequate to content the requirements of modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project. Therefore, it is required not only to amend the existing laws related with capture, transport, and storage of $CO_2$ for paving the way of an prompt deployment of CCS CDM activities in Korea as a short-term approach, but also to establish the united framework as a long-term approach.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.63-75
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• 2004

This research sought to determine the status of the installation and operation of domestic public resource-making facilities of resource-making facilities and come up with corresponding improvement measures. Currently compost is most numerous set-up out of facilties already established ever since, then the rest of them are feeds, anaerobic degradation, sewage combination, and combination of compost and feeds in order. As such, food waste is processed more into compost than into feeds, presumably because relevant facilities, which were originally designed for processing into feeds, were converted into composting facilities due to little demand for the processed feeds. The finding says that many related firms had yet to register their businesses in accordance with feeds and fertilizers management laws, and that food waste resources-making facilities used various basic facilities but few of them treated food waste in linkage with leaching water, bad odors, and energy. Some of current facilities were found to be 7 years old and thus outdated. Due to lack of skilled operational manpower, many facilities had less than 300 days of normal operation yearly, and some needed minor and serious repairs periodically. In overall facilities, 87% of the planned food waste was rolled in, thus requiring measures to treat the whole planned volume. For costs of resource-making facilities, some with a capacity of below 50 tons topped 100 million won, and facilities with a capacity of over 50 tons required less installation costs. Overall, installation costs ranged from 10 million to 20 million, and to 200 million won per ton, and this suggests a need to establish the installation cost calculation criteria, as well as to reshape the facility criteria. With operating costs varying greatly according to the size and treatment methods of facilities, the finding indicates a need to rationalize the operating costs, and to plan appropriate-size installation and operation of facilities to ensure economic operation.