• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1999

Purpose: The prevalence of childhood renal diseases including the nephrotic syndrome in Korea has not been well established. In priority to this point, we analyzed ninety-six nephrotic children of the annual incidence, the ratio of them to all inpatients and estimated incidence of childhood nephrotic syndrome under 15 years of age in Taejon, Korea. Also we classified them by clinical and histopathological findings. Methods: we analyzed the admission and outpatient records retrospectively between June 1986 and December 1998. For the estimation of incidence, we were assisted with three other general hospitals in Taejon Results: The mean annual number and the ratio to inpatients were $7.4{\pm}2.1,\;0.3{\pm}0.11%$ respectively. The latter showed a tendency to decrease during the recent three years. The estimated annual incidences of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Taejon were 5.6 in 1988, 5.5 in 1993 and 4.8 in 1998 per 100,000 for children aged up to 15 years. The mean age of our patients was $6.8{\pm}3.5$ tears, 1-7 years of age was 55 cases(57.3%), and male to female ratio was 3.6:1. By the clinicopathologic classification, 89 cases(92.7%) were classified as primary nephrotic syndrome, and 7 cases(7.3%) as secondary nephrotic syndrome. Among the primary nephrotic syndrome, there was 79.8% of minimal change nephrotic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 11.2%, mesangial proliferation 4.5%, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 3.4%, and membranous nephropathy 1.1%. $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ nephritis was the most frequent of 3 cases in the secondary nephrotic syndrome. Respones to steroid therapy of 71 cases minimal change were classified as non-relapse 22.5%, non-frequent relapse 49.3%, frequent relapse 18.3% and steroid-dependence 9.9%. Conclusion: The estimated incidence of childhood nephrotic syndrome was about 5 per 100,000 for children aged up to 15 years and it showed little changes during 10 years in Taejon, Korea. Our results of clinicopathologic study was little difference from the results reported in other literatures.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.368-379
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• 2004

Distraction osteogenesis is a biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. Distraction osteogenesis is clinically applied as a new treatment modality of mandibular hypoplasia or bony defect area in maxillofacial area by many studies of distraction devices and method. But disadvantage of distraction osteogenesis shows unfavorably long consolidation period and relapse tendency. Therefore. this experiment was designed to investigate the effectiveness of combined application of distraction and compression force for improving of bone quality and shortening of treatment period during distraction osteogenesis. Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats with $300{\sim}350gm$ were used. These were divided into two group as distraction group and combination group was applied with compression force in the consolidation period. The rat were sacrificed for gross finding, radiographic and histologic findings. at 2, 4 weeks after distraction. The result were follow : 1. On radiographic finding, all experimental groups appeared more radiopacity than control groups both at 2, 4 weeks after distraction. 2. On histologic finding, trabeculae of bone and mature lamellar bone were showed increasingly in experimental group. Ossification occured rapidly. From this study, we may suggest that compression force application in consolidation period during distraction osteogenesis can be useful method improve bone quality and to shorten the treatment period. But more experimental and clinical studis are necessitated on effects of compression force application during distraction osteogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2009

Cleft lip and palate patients show midface hypoplasia, maxillary hypoplasia due to scar of previous surgery, and manifest as a class III malocclusion, retruded midface and shallow palate. These deformities have been treated with traditional orthognathic surgery. Although conventional Le Fort I osteotomy was performed on most cleft patinets with midface hypoplasia, it showed limited amount of maxillary advancement and high relapse tendency. Recently, when great amount of advancement are required in severe maxillary hypoplasia, distraction osteogenesis using RED system is widely used. But, several months of consolidation period is needed after distraction osteogenesis, occlusal relationship is not stable until mandibular setback surgery has done in mandibular hyperplasia cases and during these period, patients may feel discomfort. We present clinical cases of immediate rigid internal fixation after completion of maxillary distraction using RED system and simultaneous mandibular setback procedure in adult cleft and lip patients who show both maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular prognathism.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2002

Distraction osteogenesis is a biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. Distraction osteogenesis is clinically applied as a new treatment modality of mandibular hypoplasia or bony defect area in maxillofacial area by many studies of distraction devices and method. But, disadvantages of distraction osteogenesis shows unfavorably long consolidation period and relapse tendency. Therefore, this experiment was designed to investigate the effectiveness of combined application of distraction and compression force for improving of bone quality and shortening of treatment period during distraction osteogenesis. Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats with $300{\sim}350gm$ were used. These were divided into two group as distraction group and combination group. The distraction group was added with conventional method during distraction osteogenesis, but the combination group was applied with compression force in the consolidation period. The rats were sacrificed for gross finding, radiographic and histologic findings at 3, 6 weeks after distraction. The results were as follow: 1. On radiographic finding, all combination of distraction and compression force group appeared more radiopacity than distraction group both at 3 weeks and 6 weeks after distraction group. 2. On histologic finding, the formation of mature lamellar bone were showed increasingly in combined group at 6weeks after distraction group. From this study, we may suggest that compression force application in consolidation period during distraction osteogenesis can be useful method to improve bone quality and to shorten the treatment period. But more experimental and clinical studies is necessitated on ideal application timing and method of compression force application during distraction osteogenesis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

Maxillary deficiency, anterior cross bite, constriction of maxillary arch, malaligned teeth are frequently observed in patients with cleft lip and palate. Surgery and orthodontics, combined intervention are needed to correct maxillary deficiency. Distraction osteogenesis that currently used has many advantages like less relapse tendency, more advancement of maxilla, capable in growing patients. In case 1, 18 years old girl with BCLP had severe midfacial deficiency and multiple missing of teeth. LeFort I osteotomy, followed by maxillary distraction osteogenesis utilizing rigid external distraction device(RED) system, was performed. After a 6-day latency period, distraction proceeded at a rate of 1mm per day (at 1st week, 1.5mm/day). Total advancement was 19mm. The RED device left in place for the additional 4 weeks for consolidation. After the RED device was removed, face mask was applied with elastic traction for 5 weeks. After achieving acceptable facial appearance and occlusion, orthodontic appliance was removed. The results after 4 years follow-up was sustained pretty well without aggravation of velopharyngeal function. In case 2, 22 years old man with UCLP had severe midfacial deficiency and palatally erupted upper 2nd premolars due to arch length discrepancy, but the anterior segment of maxillary did not show constriction and crowding. patient had no arch width discrepancy, crowding was concentrated on premolar region. Segmental LeFort I osteotomy was performed. After a 6 - day latency period, using internal distraction device, distraction proceeded at a 0.5mm per day(at 1st week, 0.75 - 1 mm/day). Total advancement was 15mm. After internal distraction device was removed, face mask was applied with elastic traction for 4 weeks. After surgical-orthodontic treatment, facial appearance and occlusion was improved pretty good, and after 46 months follow-up the result was retained well.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2008

Purpose: This study evaluates the association of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR), Her-2, COX-2, and survivin with the clinicopathological features and outcomes in young Korean women with breast cancer using recently developed tissue microarray(TMA) technology. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 212 young patients with breast cancer diagnosed at the age of 45 years or younger from March 1994 to August 2005, were enrolled in this study. The age range of patients was $23{\sim}45$ years(median age, 39 years). The minimum and median follow-up periods were 24 months and 60 months, respectively. Serial sections of primary tumors were processed by the use of a TMA for immunohistochemical staining for five biomarkers. The correlation of these five biomarkers and the clinicopathological features and outcomes were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The majority of the patients were stage T1(90 patients) or T2(101 patients), and 105 patients(49.5%) had an axillary node metastasis. The 5-year overall and relapse free survival rates for all of the patients were 90.4% and 82.3%, respectively, and 36 patients had a locoregional or distant metastasis as a first event. Positive expression of ER, PR, Her-2, COX-2, and survivin was determined in 38.2%, 45.3%, 25.9%, 41.5%, and 43.4%, of the tumor samples, respectively. Tumor stage, nodal status, age, as well as expression of ER, PR, and HER-2 status were significantly associated with the disease free survival rate. Tumor stage, nodal status, as well as expression of ER, PR, and HER-2 were significantly related with the overall survival rate. Expression of COX-2 and survivin were not single independent prognostic factors for the disease free and overall survival rate although co-expression of HER-2 and COX-2 had a tendency as a poor prognostic factor. By multivariate analysis, only T stage and lymph node status were significant prognostic factors, and ER status was a marginally significant prognostic factor(p=0.075). Conclusion: Expression of ER, PR and HER-2 were significant prognostic factors for the relapse free and overall survival rate. Expression of COX-2 and survivin were not prognostic factors for young women with breast cancer.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 2009

The functional regulator(FR) appliances act to remove the restrictive forces that prevent the normal maturation of the maxilla and mandible. FR appliances are different from other functional jaw orthopedic appliances(e.g., the twin block, bionator, and activator). $Fr{\ddot{a}}nkel$ has based his treatment philosophy on the concept that the capacity to regulate growth residues in the soft tissue environment, and that adequate space must be available for the proper development of the hard tissue. In class II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion, FR-II treatment is not only the change in the postural position of mandible, but also expansion of the dental arches. By balancing the neuromuscular environment, not only can severe malocclusions be treated successfully, but also the tendency toward relapse is minimized because the neural and soft tissue factors associated with the skeletal malocclusion have been addressed as well. We report cases using by FR-II that is applicated in cases of Class II malocclusion without fixed appliance, only FR-II and space supervision.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.253-257
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• 2010

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children younger than 4 years and is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. HUS associated with diarrheal prodrome is usually caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 or by Shigella dysenteriae, which generally has a better outcome. However, atypical cases show a tendency to relapse with a poorer prognosis. HUS has been reported to be associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. The characteristics and the mechanisms underlying this condition are largely unknown. In this study, we describe the case of an 11-year-old boy in whom the diagnosis of ALL was preceded by the diagnosis of atypical HUS. Thus, patients with atypical HUS should be diagnosed for the possibility of developing ALL.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

Objectives: This research was aimed 1) to find out various subjective symptoms cancer patients had, 2) to find out the quantitative difference of symptoms occurring according to the area of cancer, current treatment methods, and relapse of the cancer and 3) to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of symptoms. Methods: This study was a survey about the various subjective symptoms cancer patients had. The subjects were 48 cancer patients in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial about the effectiveness of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatments. Surveys were examined before Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatments. The questionnaire consisted of demographic research, patient history and accompanying symptoms. The symptoms part consisted of 4 questions on general symptoms (vertigo, hot flush, rash, insomnia), 2 questions on digestion symptoms (anorexia, dyspepsia), 2 questions on excretions (diarrhea, constipation), and 5 questions on symptoms in different body parts (headache, dryness of lips, chest pain, aphthous ulcer, nose bleeding). The questionnaire was used to research presence of symptoms and relationships between the occurrence of symptoms. Results: A total of 48 patients took part in this survey. Dizziness was the most frequent subjective symptom patients had (64.58%), followed by dry mouth (43.75%), headache (43.75%), insomnia (41.67%), anorexia (37.5%) and chest discomfort (37.5%). The presence of these subjective symptoms was partially related to the patient's history details - type of cancer, method of cancer treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy), termination of treatment, presence of pain, fatigue and recurrence, etc. Factor analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of symptoms. It suggested 5 factors as a result, but there was a limitation that only a low level of correlation was shown among them. Conclusions: We were able to analyze the occurrences and the relationships among them for accompanying subjective symptoms in cancer patients. However the results of the study are limited in that only 48 patients participated. The symptoms in cancer patients showed a tendency for clustering, occurring simultaneously or continuously rather than occurring alone. The study of these symptom clusters is worth further study, for it is similar to the Symptom Differentiation System in Traditional Korean Medicine. For effective approach to the treatment of cancer in Traditional Korean Medicine, further research on the Korean traditional view of cancer patients should be done based on this research, regarding various symptoms and those relationships on a larger scale.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.709-716
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• 2005

Patients with cleft tip and palate present severe maxillary hypoplasia due to scar of lip and palate, often accompanied by compromised mastication, speech abnormalities. Sometimes maxillary hypoplasia persist even though active orthodontic treatment was done. In theses cases, patients born with cleft lip and palate will be potential candidates for maxillary advancement with bone grafting after growth to correct the functional deformities and improve aesthetic facial proportions. But, maxillary advancement using standard surgical approaches has several limitations : increased relapse tendency after maxillary advancement, necessity of additional bone graft and mandibular setback surgery. Distraction osteogenesis is current treatment modality to overcome these limitations, thus has become popular for treatment of maxillary hypoplasia associated cleft lip and palate, craniosyntosis. Especially, rigid external distraction, contrary to internal device, has advantages : better vector control of osteotomized segment, effective traction of the bony segments, the ease of the application and removal the distraction device. This study showed that relatively successful result could be generated by using rigid external distraction osteogenesis(RED) in the case of cleft lip and palate with severe maxillary hypoplasia, 6 years 7 months old.