• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.383-401
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• 2011

This paper studied about environmental protection and Free Trade in FTA. FTA is representative means that maximize trade profit through free trade. But Regulation for environmental protection is infringing profit of free trade(FTA). It is the natural matter that the all countries must do environmental protection. but, measure for environmental protection must not be used on trade limited constituent. This study studied about enactment plan of environmental regulation to achieve two targets of environmental protection with trade liberalization. Study Finding is as following. First, it is that to apply existent environmental standard in the FTA expands trade liberalization. Second, need enactment of rule that can interchange Environmental Goods or a technology effectively. Third, there is necessity to establish procedural regulations and substantial regulations that refer environment problems. also to include comprehensive form in case of choose Multilateral Environmental Agreements is reasonable.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 2008

Most of the students in middle and high schools today wear school uniforms. The school uniform is the most important and intimate clothes in adolescences and makes students feel a sense of group identity and belonging, and lessen the difference of economical capabilities. However levels of satisfaction is low because school uniforms do not express their individualities and do not keep up with the fashion. In this paper, we studied the partial liberalization of schools uniforms to raise the levels of satisfaction. The subjects were 378 male and female students from middle schools and high school in Ulsan, and a questionnaire was sent out. The survey was conducted in February 2007, and frequency analysis, ${\chi}^2$-analysis, and t-test were used for the analysis of the data. The results are as follows: The students recognized the partial liberalization of the dress code as loosening of the regulation As the result of analysis on attitudes toward the partial liberalization of the dress code, most of the students support the introduction of the plan. They chose a shirt as the most appropriate item and length as the best extent in liberalization. Among the elements of school uniform required to be unified, they selected a jacket and design as the item and extent, respectively. Through this study, we came to know the demands of students for school uniform and confirmed the possibility of the partial liberalization of the dress code as an improvement of consumer-oriented school uniform. In the future, it seems that their desires would be accepted and reflected in the design and school uniforms would be manufactured from the view point of consumer.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 2013

The 6th Worldwide Air Transport Conference was held in Montreal in March 2013 under the auspices of ICAO. This conference, which has been held every ten years, is dealing with virtually every issue of international air transport, and aiming at updating ICAO policy in order to ensure long-term growth of international civil aviation. Last conference which took place in 2003 focused on the liberalization of air transport, and the 6th conference shifted its focus from whether to push for liberalization, to how to implement it. The main agenda items for the 6th conference was liberalization, safeguards, ownership, fair competition, airports and air navigation facilities, charges, and ICAO policy. The liberalization, and in particular progressive liberalization has been a main theme over the past decades. In the process leading to liberalization, there needs to be the expansion of market access, easing regulation on ownership and control of airlines. Furthermore, the provision of enough infrastructure such as airport and air navigation facilities may be contributing factor to remove impediments to liberalization. However, out of concern as for undermining interests of consumer and the weak, when liberalization is proceeding in a sudden and radical manner, there should be safeguards so as to ensure market participation by developing countries, consumer protection, and economical and transparent decision on taxes and charges. Fair competition which differs from promoting competition in the market, is a policy in order to protect the weak players and consumers from monopoly and oligopoly. The Korean delegation submitted 3 WPs (WP/85, 86 and 87) and 1 IP, and presented WPs, at the conference, which were a lot compared with previous occasions. A paradigm shift was emphasized to expedite the process of liberalization at the 6th conference. The reality is that with many previous recommendations to stress the importance of liberalization, and to urge States to change their attitudes, the pace of the liberalization has been very slow and staggering. The liberalization of air transport will contribute to the growth of air transport and related industry, to create new employment, promoting tourism and regional development, and further to facilitating mutual understanding and exchange, which will also lead to making a barrier-free world. In this context, it is expected that the next conference will also evaluate the on-going process of liberalization.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.243-273
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• 2018

A consequence of global trade liberalization is that domestic regulatory policies have become a focal point for efforts to reduce the costs of engaging in cross-border production and exchange. This article discusses the general challenges of reducing trade frictions created by regulatory differences, focusing specifically on the role trade agreements might play in addressing regulatory spillovers. A case is made for a greater focus on plurilateral cooperation under the umbrella of the WTO.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.371-388
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• 2016

International air transport for cargo services is a facilitator for various trade sectors and, by itself, an important service industry. Although international air cargo industry is expected to grow continuously, industry stakeholders complain about legal constraints in the industry and demand more liberalized regime. From its birth at the beginning of the 20th century, the airline industry was tightly regulated by governments with a strong tradition of protectionism. In the past few decades, however, protectionism in the airline industry has steadily declined. Indeed, the airline industry is largely in the process of liberalization. Interestingly, it has been easier to liberalize air cargo service than passenger service. Indeed, states have traditionally shown far more willingness to provide market access for foreign carriers carrying cargo than passengers. Given the impact of air cargo service in a state's wider economy and own characteristics of cargo services (i.e. air cargo traffic is inherently one-way, unlike passenger traffic, which tends to involve round trips), more liberalized approach is necessary for air cargo services. Among three approaches: bilateral, regional (block-based) and multilateral, it is desirable to adopt a multilateral treaty (a new multilateral all-cargo agreement) so as to harmonize and simplify complicated trade regulations on air cargo services.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2009

Recently, it is becoming the big issue internationally where the safety problem of the industrial product including the foodstuffs. The way is able to construct the trust of the consumer that the external specialized agency independently operating confirms what production process of the product keep a standard or a technical regulation. This is conformity assessment. In the many countries, agencies entrusted government authority do conformity assessment. Specially, 'certification' in one form of conformity assessment process is operating a certification system at the government and the non-government body in Korea. Also non-government certification is fixed by trusted system from consumer. He has to prepare a competitive power in liberalization time, so need the countermeasure urgently. This study purpose that develops strategy so as to activating of non-government certification system in gist of the origination called 'self-control.' I present activation strategies using SWOT/AHP analysis.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.127-148
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• 2001

Korean distant water trawl fisheries were sector of most important distant water fisheries with tuna long liner fisheries during the development age in Korea. Nevertheless Korean distant water trawl fisheries have suffered from catches and Income problem. It was caused to the strengthen regulation of costal countries, the rapid liberalization trend of trade on the fishing products and the shortage of cheap manpower, etc. In this situation, Korean government is inclined to convert big adjacent trawl fisheries of distant water trawl fisheries for structure adjustment In domestic fisheries. that is analyzed to incorrect method because the efficiency of management indicator in adjacent trawl fisheries was bad than distant water trawl fisheries. Then this policy of Korean government needs to convert anything else. Also it was compared with one of Japan to the efficiency of management indicator of Korean distant trawl fisheries. The result of analysis, Korea was better than Japan in some factor, especially labor cost Then if Korean government will put weighted policy on this viewpoint, Korean distant water trawl can more grow.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.10B
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• pp.1031-1042
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• 2009

Due to liberalization in the early stage, mobile communications market has grown rapidly in the world. However, some dominant operators set higher termination call charges, and thus the market has been distorted and customer welfare has been reduced a lot. The regulation of mobile termination charges is one of key issues of most regulatory agencies in the world. According to the survey, the level of mobile termination charges are quite different from country to country. Why is it so different? This paper investigated the determinants affecting the mobile termination charges for 28 countries by considering country-specific, industry-specific, and regulatory-specific conditions. We found that some regulatory-specific conditions are the most important factors. The rate of pre-paid contract and period of regulation mostly affect the mobile termination charges.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.22
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• pp.77-106
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• 2003

As globalization of communication is going on and as the media have become increasingly central to the world economy, media policy matters have become the province of world economic organizations like the IMF and the WTO. The WTO service negotiation is focused primarily on the discriminatory and quantitative barriers associated with the trade of audiovisual services. Domestic measures such as subsidization, content regulation including quotas, and licensing requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership and control are at issues here. These measures have been successfully implemented by countries wishing to withstand competition from the American audiovisual industry. The debate about trade in audiovisual services is permeated by the unstated assumption that these programs are pure commodities whose production, distribution, exhibition and in turn, values are solely determined by the market forces. It is therefore presumed that liberalization of trade in audiovisual services will benefit all, serving cultural pluralism and diversity as well as economic efficiency. However, this assumption is not shared by developing countries, the recipients of U.S. television material. They argue audiovisual sector requires a social and cultural approach, since it plays a key role in the preservation of people's identity and social bonds. They claim that it is the each state's right to define its media policy and to implement it through the means it considers fit. These clashing views over the nature of the audiovisual material and the ways in which protect cultural pluralism and diversity do not confine to be the realm of theoretical debate. Each state's interest and motivation to protect its local industry and to have a competitive advantage in the international market is working in this battle. Consolidation with the countries like Australia, Canada, and EU nations, in favour of cultural exemption, seems to be the best policy for us. However, we are not entirely free from the WTO pressures, considering relation to the U. S. This study analyzes Korean Broadcasting Law compared with those of other OECD countries and tries to propose some strategical guidelines facing WTO service negotiation in the area of broadcasting.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.360-370
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• 2013

As the mobile telecommunications service market grows rapidly, interconnection opportunities from the fixed network to the mobile network increase and the land-to-mobile (LM) interconnection charge becomes critical factor in competition between fixed and mobile telecommunications service providers. This paper aims to evaluate the LM interconnection charge level in Korea in comparison with those of 36 foreign countries and suggest the regression model for the LM interconnection charge. Based on the regression analysis, we found that regulation, GDP per capita, wire telephone penetration, liberalization are identified as significantly affecting factors on the LM interconnection charge level, and the level of the LM interconnection charge is comparatively low.