• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2011

The population ecological characteristics of the Crucian carp, Carassius auratus, were determined in order to estimate stock of the mid-upper system of the Seomjin River. The fish ranged in size from 95 to 288mm total length. The age was determined by counting the scale annulus. The scales displayed clear annulus that were used to estimate the age. The oldest fish observed in this study was 5 years old. Age-2 fishes were the most numerous in the sample(n=38), followed in frequency be age-3(n=22). Marginal index analysis validated the formation of a single annulus per year. The relationship between body length and body weight was BW = $0.0038BL^{3.73}$($R^2$=0.96) (p<0.01). The relationship between the scale radius and body length was BL = 2.362R+2.76($R^2$=0.89). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from a non-linear regression method were $L_{\infty}$=33.2 cm, $W_{\infty}$=1,798.4 g, $K=0.20year^{-1}$ and $t_0$=-0.51year. Therefore, Growth in length of the fish was expressed by the von Bertalanffy's growth equation as $L_t=33.23$($1-e^{-0.20(t+0.51)}$)($R^2$=0.98). The annual survival rate was estimated to be 0.427year$^{-1}$. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality of estimated from the Zhang and Megrey method was $0.784year^{-1}$, and instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality was calculated $0.067year^{-1}$. From the estimates of survival rate, the instantaneous coefficient of total mortality was estimated to be $0.851year^{-1}$.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.382-388
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with pregnancy following 3 synchronization protocols in dairy cows. Data were collected on 1,952 cows from 22 dairy farms, including synchronization protocols ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ + estradiol benzoate [PG+EB], Ovsynch, and CIDR-ovsynch), cow parity, body condition score (BCS), and dates of previous calving, insemination and conception. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy were analyzed by logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure in SAS. The analysis revealed that farm (p = 0.005), cow parity (p = 0.0001), BCS (p < 0.005), and AI season (p < 0.05) significantly affected and calving to AI interval tended to affect (p < 0.1) the probability for pregnancy. Although synchronization protocols did not affect the probability for pregnancy (p > 0.05), cow parity and synchronization protocols showed a significant interaction (p < 0.005); the OR (0.60) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using PG+EB, whereas the OR (1.44) tended to be higher (p < 0.1) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using the Ovsynch, and the probability for pregnancy did not differ between multiparous and primiparous cows using the CIDR-ovsynch (p > 0.05). Cows with BCS ${\geq}$ 3.00 were more likely pregnant (OR: 1.41) compared with cows having BCS ${\leq}$ 2.75, whereas cows inseminated during summer had a lower OR (0.73) compared with those inseminated during spring. Cows with a calving to AI interval > 150 days were more likely to be pregnant (OR: 1.20) compared with cows with a calving to AI interval ${\leq}$ 150 days. In conclusion, the OR for pregnancy following synchronization protocols in dairy cows was affected by farm, parity, BCS, calving to AI interval of the cow, and AI season, and there was a significant interaction between cow parity and synchronization protocols; the OR for pregnancy was lower for multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows using the PG+EB protocol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.329-335
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine the optimal ratio of Petasites japonicus, Luffa cylindrica, and Houttuynia cordata, all of which are supposed to have anti-respiratory disease effects, such as against rhinitis. The experiment incorporated a mixture design and included 12 experimental points with center replicates for three different independent variables (Petasites japonicus 30~70%; Luffa cylindrica 10~30%; and Houttuynia cordata 10~30%). Based on this design, the mixture was extracted in hot water at 121℃ for 45 min and anti-allergy and anti-microbial activities were observed. The response surface and trace plot described for the anti-allergy activity showed Petasites japonicas was a relatively important factor. The correlation coefficient (R²) value 82.10% for the inhibition effect of degranulation was analyzed by the regression equation. The analysis of variance showed the model fit was statistically significant (p<0.05). The optimal ratio of the mixture was Petasites japonicus 0.75%, Luffa cylindrica 0.11%, and Houttuynia cordata 0.14%. The anti-microbial activity for each extraction of the mixture was valid on gram-positive, such as Staphylococcus aureus (KCCM 40881) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (KCCM 35494), while it was less effective on gram-negative, such as Escherichia coli (KCCM 11234) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCCM 11328).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.392-396
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• 2010

Purpose : The association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsion in infants has been examined in several studies with conflicting results. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the precise relationship involved. Methods : In this case-control study, the authors assessed 100 children with a diagnosis of febrile convulsion, aged between 9 months and 2 years, during January 2007 to July 2009. The control group consisted of 100 febrile children without convulsion; controls were closely matched to the cases by age, gender, and underlying disease. Results : The mean ages of the febrile convulsion and control group were $16.3{\pm}7.4$ and $15.8{\pm}6.1$ months, respectively, and the two groups had no differences in clinical features. Iron deficiency anemia (Hb <10.5 gm/dL) was more frequent in the febrile convulsion group than in the control group, although there was no statistical significance. Unexpectably, the RDW (red blood cell distribution width) was significantly lower and the MCNC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) was significantly higher among seizure cases than among the controls (P <0.05). There is no statistical difference between simple and complex febrile groups in the clinical and laboratory profiles. On multiple logistic regression analysis, iron deficiency anemia was more frequent, but the RDW was lower, among the cases with febrile convulsion, compared with the controls. Conclusions : Our study suggests that the iron deficiency anemia is associated with febrile convulsion, and screening for iron deficiency anemia should be considered in children with febrile convulsions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of local climatic conditions on the annual increment of Korean white pine planted in Gapyung and Yaungdong. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age were measured and summarized for each locality. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 8 years from stand age 10 to 18 were calculated for each of stand variables. A topoclimatological technique which makes use of empirical relationships between the topography and the weather in study sites was applied to produce normal estimates of monthly mean, maximum, minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, and hours of sunshine. Then, the yearly climatic variables from 1990 to 1997 for each study site were derived from the spatial interpolation procedures based on inverse- distance weighting of the observed deviation from the climatic normals at the nearest 11 standard weather stations. From these estimates, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc., which affect the tree growth, were computed on yearly base for each locality. The deviations of measured annual increments from the expected annual increments for 8 years based on yield table of Korean white pine were then correlated with and regressed on the yearly weather variables to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provides better conditions for the growth of Korean white pine in the early stage than Youngdong area. This indicates that the conditions such as low temperature, high relative humidity, and large amount of precipitation provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. A ccording to the correlation and regression an analysis using local climatic conditions and annual increments, the growth pattern of Gapyung area corresponds to this tendency. However, it was found that the relationship between annual increments and local climatic conditions in Youngdong area shows different tendency from Gapyung. These results mean that the yearly growth pattern could not sufficiently be explained by climatic conditions with high variance in yearly weather variables. In addition, the poor growth in Youngdong area might not only be affected by climatic conditions, but also by other environmental factors such as site quality.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.106-116
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• 2007

Pesticide, chlorfluazuron was subjected to determine the safety of terminal residues at the harvesting date of perilla leaves cultivated in plastic house. After the pesticide applied on a foliar spray in 2005 and 2006, leaf persistence of its residue was analysed for 10 days before leaf harvest. The degradation rate of chlorfluazuron in the leaf was 32.3 %(standard application), 43.6 %(double application) and 78.0 %(standard), 80.4 %(double) at second and tenth day, respectively, under analysis of GC/ECD in 2005. The degradation rate of chlorfluazuron in the leaf was 33.1 %(GC/ECD analyze), 34.0 %(HPLC/UVD analyze) and 77.9 %(GC/ECD), 78.4 %(HPLC/UVD) at second and tenth day, respectively, under the standard level of pesticide in 2006. The biological half-life of the chlorfluazuron residue was estimated by the regression equation calculated from daily dissipation of pesticide in the perilla leaves. The longest half-life of the chlorfluazuron residue in perilla leaves was 5.5 days. The maximum residual limit(MRL) for chlorfluazuron based on the longest half-life was estimated 2.0ppm at harvesting day, 2.5ppm at second day and 7.1ppm at tenth day before leaf harvesting of perilla.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.549-557
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• 2006

The characteristics of supercritical water oxidation have been studied to decompose the waste anionic exchange resins which were produced from a power plant. The waste resins from a power plant were mixture of anionic and cationic exchange resins. The waste anionic exchange resins had been separated from the waste resins using a solid-liquid fluidized bed. It was confirmed that the cationic exchange resins were not included in the separated anionic exchange resins by the elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. A slurry of anionic exchange resins which could be fed continuously to a supercritical water oxidation apparatus by a high pressure pump was prepared using a wet ball mill. Although the COD of liquid effluent had been reduced more than 99.9% at 25.0 MPa and $500^{\circ}C$ within 2 min, the total nitrogen content was reduced only 41%. The addition of nitric acid to the slurry could reduce the total nitrogen content in treated water. The central composite design as a statistical desist of experiments had been applied to optimize the conditions of decomposing anionic resin slurry by means of the COD and total nitrogen contents in treated waters as the key process output variables. The COD values of treated waters had been reduced sufficiently to $99.9{\sim}100%$ af the reaction conditions of $500{\sim}540^{\circ}C$, 25.0 MPa within 2 min. The effects of temperature and nitric acid concentration on COD were not significant. However, the effect of nitric acid concentration on the total nitrogen was found to be significant. The regression equation for the total nitrogen had been obtained with nitric acid concentration and the coefficient of determination($r^2$) was 95.8%.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.45-55
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• 2012

In Korea, the parcel delivery service was launched officially in 1992, and the market has grown to 13.2 billion units, or 3.5 trillion won, as of 2011. The service companies accept small packages under 30 kg and deliver them on the next day in most domestic areas. This service plays an important role in business and personal activities. The parcel service companies have themselves designed the tariff for the delivery service based on two criteria: weight and the sum of three side lengths. Further, the tariff is graded in steps of three or four rate structures based on size (small, medium, large, and extra-small). However, the basic freight rate is generally decided according to the cargo's weight or measurement size, and an extra rate is added according to some factors (handling, stowability, liability, and so on). The parcel service tariff adopted by the companies is illogically designed, and this study was carried out to assess the need for redesigning the tariff structure. The cargo volume cannot be logically reflected by three side lengths. For example, two parcels measuring 160 cm based on three side lengths may have different volumes, one measuring 0.152 cbm (53.33 cm × 53.33 cm × 53.34 cm) and the other 0.05 cbm (100 cm × 50 cm × 10 cm). A small package of less than120 cm (sum of three side lengths) may have a volume of as much as 0.064 cbm (40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm). Sample comparison showed that 17% of medium-size parcels (based on the sum of three side lengths) are small-volume packages, 24% of large-size parcels are small- or medium-volume packages, and 40% of extra-big-size parcels are big- or under-size packages. Therefore, if parcel service companies rate their services for volume cargo based on the three side lengths standard, users may have to pay higher than normal rates, particularly because a large percentage of parcels are volume cargo. According to this study, the average weight per 1 cbm is less than 300 kg. Therefore, users face an increasing risk of paying higher than logical freight charges. Generally, transportation companies are called "public interest enterprises," and parcel service companies operate as postal services. Public interest enterprises must provide the delivery service to all customers without discrimination at a reasonable service level and logical service charges. Therefore, parcels service tariffs must be designed and adopted logically. In this study, freight theories and prior research findings were used to consider the importance of freight rates, and distortion of parcel service rates based on the three side lengths system was verified through regression analysis of a parcel sample and sample comparison. In conclusion, volume sizes based on three side lengths have a higher correlation to the rate level than does the sum of three side lengths. Further, compared to the sum of three side lengths, volume size has a higher correlation to cargo weight, which is the most basic factor determining transportation cost. Therefore, the existing parcel service tariff should be changed to weight- and volume-based rates, and the tariff must be graded in steps of 8 to 10 higher rate structures for a logical freight schedule based on service cost.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.17-32
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of stresses arising from various life styles and their related sociodemographic factors in urban residents. The subjects were recruited from the population of two ‘Dong’s (administrative blocks) representative of Daejeon city through stratified cluster random sampling during the period ranging from June I st to Aug. 31 st, 2003. Self-administered questionnaires, including items asking about subjects' sociodemographic characteristics, daily life styles, measurement of stresses by General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1978), were delivered to 396 residents and their responses were analyzed with the following results. 1. Based on the discriminant scores of HPI, 46.7％ of the subjects were found to have less than 4 points (poor life style), whereas 53.3％ had points higher than 5 (good life style). Higher than 5 points were scored more frequently in females than in the male, in the age group of 40's - 60's than the 30's, in the group with spouse than without, in the group with both spouse and offsprings than without, and in the group owning a house than not. 2. Based on the degree of stress, 17.7％ of the subjects were determined to be healthy, 74.5％ were potentially under stress, and 7.8％ were at higher risk of stress. The proportion of healthy individuals were significantly higher in the male, advanced aged group(40's and 60's), the group with higher education years( over highschool), with higher monthly income over two million Won, and with spouse, than their respective counterparts. On the other hand the proportion of the individuals potentially under stress and at higher risk of stress was significantly higher in the female, in the age group of 30's and over 60's, in the group with academic career lower than middle school, with monthly income lower than two million Won, and without spouse. 3. Based on the relation of HPI with degree of stresses, subjects with HPI scores lower than 4 had increased rate of falling into the groups under potential stress and at higher risk of stress, while on the other hand those with over 5 points were found to be healthy in light of stress. 4. Based on the specific relation of each item of HPI with degree of stress, the proportion of healthy individuals was higher in the groups who take appropriate hours of sleep(7-8hours), who take breakfasts everyday, who take physical exercises everyday, who don't smoke, who don't drink alcohol, who take snacks everyday, who are overweight and obese, whereas the proportion of the group under potential stress and at higher risk of stress was higher in their comparable counterparts. 5. The relation of mean scores of HPI with stress scores in both male and female subjects showed negative correlation that the higher HPI scores, the lower stress scores. 6. Multivariate regression analysis to reveal the factors influencing the stress of the subjects showed that for men the significant factors were age, education, presence of job or not, exercise, subjective health status, with the explanatory power of 26.3％. For women, they included educational years, presence of spouse or not, job, owning a house or not, sleeping hours, drinking habit, taking snacks, subjective health status, with the explanatory power of 31.8％. The above study results suggests that stresses of urban residents have significant correlation with daily life styles and this correlation is also remarkably distinguished by different age and sex.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.295-305
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• 2002

This paper, in which whose subjects were 43 cerebrovascular accident patients analysed the effects of flood habits and attitudes on the nutrient intake. In respect to energy intake, the subjects took 106% of RDA. The protein intake was on the average of 119.1 g, which was 187% of RDA. The fat intake by the subjects on the whole was 60.5 g. The fiber intake of the subjects was 9.6 g. Those who like sweets took in significantly less energy and carbohydrate and more fat than those who didn't like sweets. Those who liked salty flood took in 7890 mg of sodium while those who didn't like salty food took in 5579 mg of sodium. The former took in significantly more sodium than the latter (p < 0.05). The examination of the amount of nutrient intake in terms of meal pattern, showed that those who had two meals a day were significantly higher in the level of weight and BMI was significantly higher (p<0.05) and the level of energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and cholesterol was significantly higher. Those who thought they had heavy meals took significantly more energy, protein, calcium iron, vitamin A vitamin B$_1$and vitamin C than those who thought they had light meals. Rapid eaters took more nutrients than slow eaters. The multiple regression analysis has shown that the effect of the independent variables on the energy intake are in the order of eating speed, eating volume and eating frequency. They can explain 24.6% of the energy intake. As a result, the faster is eating speed, the heavier is eating volume, and the lower is eating frequency, the higher is the energy intake (p <0.01).