• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1992

Bone mineral density was measured to assess whether the patients with premonopausal hypogonadism, comprised of 19 patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(HH), 55 with premature ovarian failure(POF), 23 with hyperprolactinemia(HPLN), and 8 with Sheehan's syndrome. All aged from 20 to 39, were associated with some decrease in regional bone mass compared with that of 63 normal-associated with some decrease in regional bone mass compared with that of 63 normal-cycling control women matched with age and sex. Measurement of bone mineral density was carried out using Dual photon absorptiometry at four sites; femur neck, ward's triangle, trochanter and spine(L2-L4). Bone mineral density at all four sites were significantly decreased in patients with HH(p<0.01), POF(p<0.01). In hyperprolactinemic patients, the decrease in bone mass was significant at femur neck and Ward's triangle(p<0.05). The patients with POF were noted to be associated with significant bone loss when their duration of amenorrhea exceeded one year. In this study, the degree of loss of bone mass and the affected sites seemed to be different depending on the various types of hypogonadism and POF was noted have caused the appearance of loss of bone mass earlier than other thpes of hypogondism we experienced.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2001

Purpose: Bone scintigraphy with $^{99m}Tc$-labeled phosphates is one of the most common procedures in evaluation of various skeletal disorders. Metabolic bone diseases show involvement of the whole skeleton and are associated with increased bone turnover and increased uptake of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled phosphates. In this study, we investigated apparently normal women who were examined with routine bone scintigraphy applied bone densitometry to correlate it with skeletal uptake in bone scan. Materials and Methods: This study includes 79 women who were performed both of bone mineral density(BMD) and bone scintigraphy. We investigated the relation of bone scan findings and BMD of lumbar, femur, radius. Results: Regional BMD were negatively correlated with increased age. Among the bone scintigraphy findings representing metabolic bone disease, uptakes by the long bones, skull and mandible increased with age in women, while that in the costochondral junction decreased. Increased skull and mandible uptakes is associated with decreased BMD, and it has statistically significance. Conclusion: Our results show that increased radionuclide uptake in bone scintigraphy, especially skull and mandible uptake was associated with decreased lumbar, femur BMD in women. So that, increased skull and mandible uptake in women would be a scintigraphic sign of osteopenia of osteoporosis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease and is characterized by diminished bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture. Thus, this study was performed (1) to examine the effect of aquatic exercise on osteoporosis caused by an ovariectomy in the rats, and (2) to elucidate involvement of histopathologic findings in mediating these actions. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Body weight of the subjects increased after the experiment. There was a statistically significant difference (p<.05) between Group I (sham operated) and Group II (control group). 2. In respect to the length, circumference and weight of the femur, there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the other groups (p>.05). 3. With the osteocalcin level used as one of the bone formation indexes the bone mineral density increased in every group in comparison with the control group, and in particular, there was a statistically significant difference between Group III and Group IV. The above results suggest that aquatic exercise treatment is effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.355-369
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of long-term combined exercise on regional bone mineral density(BMD) and cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors in the elderly with osteoporosis(OP). For the purpose, the subjects of this study were separated by two groups with thirty-one elderly women, who the first group was combined exercise group(CEG, n=16) and second group was non exercise group(CON, n=15). The combined exercise program was made up of warm-up (10min), work-out (aerobic; 30~45min/HRR 40~60%, resistance; 1RM * 50-70%, 8-10 * 2set ~ 10-15 * 1set), and cool-down (10min). Exercise group of the inspection have been trained 5 times a week for 1years. The results : At first, the variables of regional BMD were significantly different to pelvis, spine, trunk and T-score in two groups. At second, the variables of CVD risk factors were significantly different to SBP and DBP as well as TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in two groups. As results of these conclusion, this study have positively effect shown that CEG was superior to CON in regional BMD(pelvis, spine, trunk and T-score), blood pressure(SBP, DBP) and plasma lipids(TC, TG, and LDL-C). Especially, the long-term combined exercise was provides a striking overall health quality of life with improving BMD and reduced CVD risk factors in the elderly with OP. In the future, other researches should deal with specific measures that reduction in mortality due to chronic disease and improvement quality of life for the development of programs in multiple researches of osteoporosis and chronic diseases.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.289-297
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• 2014

Objectives: This community-based cohort study was performed to investigate the incidence of and factors related to self-reported fragility fractures among middle-aged and elderly women living in rural Korea. Methods: The osteoporosis cohort recruited 430 women 40 to 69 years old in 1999, and 396 of these women were followed over 11 years. In 1999, questionnaires from all participants assessed general characteristics, medical history, lifestyle, menstrual and reproductive characteristics, and bone mineral density. In 2010, self-reported fractures and the date, site, and cause of these fractures were recorded. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs). Results: Seventy-six participants among 3949.7 person-years experienced fragility fractures during the 11-year follow-up. The incidence of fragility fractures was 1924.2 per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 1491.6 to 2356.8). In the multivariate model, low body mass index (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.13 to 6.24), a parental history of osteoporosis (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.18 to 3.49), and postmenopausal status (HR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.05 to 11.67) were significantly related to fragility fracture. Conclusions: Fracture prevention programs are needed among postmenopausal, rural, Korean women with a low body mass index and parental history of osteoporosis Korea.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.547-559
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• 2022

For a chi-squared test, which is a statistical method used to test the independence of a contingency table of two factors, the expected frequency of each cell must be greater than 5. The percentage of cells with an expected frequency below 5 must be less than 20% of all cells. However, there are many cases in which the regional expected frequency is below 5 in general small area studies. Even in large-scale surveys, it is difficult to forecast the expected frequency to be greater than 5 when there is small area estimation with subgroup analysis. Another statistical method to test independence is to use the Bayes factor, but since there is a high ratio of data dependency due to the nature of the Bayesian approach, the low expected frequency tends to decrease the precision of the test results. To overcome these limitations, we will borrow information from areas with similar characteristics and pool the data statistically to propose a pooled Bayes test of independence in target areas. Jo et al. (2021) suggested hierarchical Bayesian pooling models for small area estimation of categorical data, and we will introduce the pooled Bayes factors calculated by expanding their restricted pooling model. We applied the pooled Bayes factors using bone mineral density and body mass index data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in the United States and compared them with chi-squared tests often used in tests of independence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.173-181
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• 2021

Purpose To evaluate the ability of the Hounsfield unit (HU) measurement of the femoral neck during multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for assessing osteoporosis compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Materials and Methods Forty-two patients with femoral neck fractures who underwent MDCT and DXA from July to December 2016 were included in this study. HU measurements were made of the cancellous portions of the normal contralateral femoral neck on MDCT. Bone mineral density (BMD) and T-scores were obtained at the femur DXA. Correlations of HU values with BMD and T-scores were analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. Results The mean BMD and T-score of the femoral neck were 0.650 g/cm² and -2.4, respectively. The mean HU values for the normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups were 131.9, 98.9, and 41.3, respectively. HU values at the femoral neck were positively correlated with BMD (r² = 0.670; p < 0.001) and T-scores (r² = 0.676; p < 0.001). Conclusion The HU values of the femoral neck on MDCT are significantly correlated with BMD and T-scores of femur DXA. The HU values may serve as a diagnostic tool for the screening of regional bone quality when MDCT is performed for other reasons.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the effect of calcium extracted from salted anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) on the calcium metabolism of rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed low-calcium diets (0.15%) for 2 weeks after the adjustment period. Rats were divided into five groups and were fed experimental diet for four weeks. Experimental diets were low calcium (LC, 0.15% $CaCO_3$), 0.5% $CaCO_3$ (CC), seaweed calcium (SC), calcium lactate (LC), anchovy calcium (AC). The low-calcium diet group (LC) showed the lowest weight gain and had no differences among the groups with adequate calcium intake. Calcium retention was lowest in the LC group and higher in the CL, SC, AC groups than in SC groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was highest in LC group, and significantly low in the CC and AC groups (p<0.05). Parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin levels showed no differences among experimental groups. The urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD) level was lower in AC and CC groups compared to the LC group (p<0.05). The dry weight of the femur showed no significant differences among normal calcium groups. The bone mineral density of the femur in AC and CC group were significantly higher than the LC group (p<0.05). From these results, calcium extracted from salted anchovy can be useful as a calcium supplement comparable with calcium carbonate.