• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.635-639
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• 1995

The effective extraction of antioxidative substances from soybean was investigated by using various solvents, such as water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, ether, dichloromethane, and hexane. Extraction was performed by cold method at $30^{\circ}C$ and by reflux method at $85^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative effect of the extracts was determined by peroxide value during the oxidation of soybean oil containing the extracts at $105^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, and also by TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) formed during the peroxidation of egg lecithin liposomes. The antioxidant activity of the extracts from raw soybean was higher than that from defatted soybean. The antioxidant activity of the extracts by reflux method was higher than that by cold method. The methanol extract from defatted and roasted soybean(DRS) showed the highest antioxidative effect against oxidation of soybean oil, while the water extract from DRS in egg lecithin liposomes. In the peroxidation of egg lecithin liposomes, the antioxidative effect of polar solvents extracts were higher than those by nonpolar solvents extracts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.352-357
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate extraction characteristics and antioxidative activity of Lycium chinense extracts. Lycium chinense were extracted by reflux extraction(RE) under different extraction conditions including solvent. The solid yield, turbidity, color value, titratable acidity, free sugar contents, electron donating ability(EDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like ability of Lycium chinense extracts were determined. The highest solid yield value were obtained with water of 10 fold. No significant difference in turbidity and color value were found among the extracts prepared with various extraction solvents, 75$\%$ ethanol, 50$\%$ ethanol and water. The highest titratable acidity were obtained with water of Lycium chinense. The free sugar contents of Lycium chinense extracted with water showed the highest value. Lycium chinense extracts with water included higher contents of free sugar compared with those of the other solvent extracts, 50$\%$ ethanol and 75$\%$ ethanol extracts. The total polyphenol compounds content of Lycium chinense extracted with 50% ethanol showed the highest value. Lycium chinense extracts with 50$\%$ ethanol included higher contents of total polyphenol compound compared with those of the other solvent extracts, water and 75$\%$ ethanol extracts.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.52-65
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• 2012

Objectives: Toad venom, called Chan-Su, is a traditional Oriental medicine secreted from the auricular and the skin glands of the Bufo bufo gargarizanz Cantor or B. melanosticus Schneider and has been widely used in China, Korea and other parts of Asia for the treatment of pain, heart conditions, and cancer. We examined the concentrations of the main chemical constituents within a commercially available toad venom product and compared the levels for different extraction methods. Methods: Toad venom was extracted using either cold or hot water, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), or ethyl acetate (EtOAc), was fractionated using precipitation or reflux, and was then analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HTLC), and liquid chroma-tography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Individual components were identified by comparisons of the retention times, the ultraviolet spectra, and mass spectras and differences in chemical constituents for different solvents and extraction methods are presented. Results: Components with authentic standards, including serotonin and bufodienolides (cinobufagen, bufalin, cinobufalin, and resibufogenin), were detected. The water extract of toad venom contained the greatest amount of serotonin ($75.7{\pm}0.1$ mg/g), but very small amounts of bufodienolides ($3.8{\pm}0.0$ mg/g). In contrast, the use of MeOH or EtOH extraction solutions resulted in 5-26 times higher concentrations of bufodienolides, with only trace amounts of serotonin. The relative and the absolute concentrations of the component also varied based on the extraction method; i.e., EtOH extracts yielded the greatest total amounts of bufodienolides, and EtOAc precipitation had the lowest amounts of bufodienolides. Conclusions: Toad venom consists of serotonin and several bufodienolides, and the choice of solvent to extract chemical the constituents is important as a way to enrich the purported active components for treating different conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.499-505
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate extraction characteristics and antioxidative activity of Cassia tora L. extracts. Cassia tora L. was extracted by reflux extraction under different extraction conditions including solvent. The solid yield, turbidity, color value, titratable acidity, free sugar contents, electron donating ability and superoxide dismutase-like ability of Cassia tora L. extracts were determined. The highest solid yield value was obtained with water of 10 fold. No significant difference in turbidity and color value were found among the extracts prepared with various extraction solvents, 75% ethanol, 50% ethanol and water. The highest titratable acidity was obtained with 50% ethanol of Cassia tora L.. The free sugar contents of Cassia tora L. extracted with water showed the highest value. Cassia tora L. extracts with water included higher contents of free sugar compared with then of the other solvent extracts, 50% ethanol and 75% ethanol extracts. The total polyphenol compound content of Cassia tora L. extracted with 50% ethanol showed the highest value. Cassia tora L. extracts with 50% ethanol included higher contents of total polyphenol compound compared with those of the other solvent extracts, water and 75% ethanol extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.484-490
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate extraction characteristics and antioxidative activity of Schiznadra chinensis extracts. Schiznadra chinensis was extracted by reflux extraction(RE) under different extraction conditions including solvent. The solid yield, turbidity, color value, titratable acidity, free sugar contents, electron donating ability(EDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like ability of Schiznadra chinensis extracts were determined. The highest solid yield value was obtained with water of 10 fold. No significant difference in turbidity and color value were found among the extracts prepared with various extraction solvents, 75% ethanol, 50% ethanol and water. The highest titratable acidity was obtained with water extracts of Schiznadra chinensis. The free sugar contents of Schiznadra chinensis extracted with water showed the highest value. Schiznadra chinensis extracts with water included higher contents of free sugar compared with those of the other solvent extracts,50% ethanol and 75% ethanol extracts. The total polyphenol compound content of Schiznadra chinensis extracted with 50% ethanol showed the highest value. Schiznadra chinensis extracts with 50% ethanol included higher contents of total polyphenol compound compared with those of the other solvent extracts, water and 75% ethanol extracts. The electron donating ability of extracts were 60.87% in water, 57.24% in 50% ethanol, and 55.61% in 75% ethanol.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2017

Proximate analysis and antioxidant activity of cultivated wild Panax ginseng (CWPG) were investigated to provide fundamental information of CWPG with different ages and to increase its industrial application. Proximate analyses of CWPG with different ages were performed. Extraction of CWPG with different ages was carried out using heat-reflux extraction, and their extraction yield, crude saponin content, ginsenoside content, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Moisture content decreased, but crude fat and crude protein were increased with aging. Extraction yield and crude saponin contents did not show a specific pattern while 5-year-old CWPG revealed the highest extraction yield and crude saponin content. All CWPGs showed typical ginsenoside profiles containing C-K and Rh2 ginsenosides, which are not found in ginseng. The 3-year-old CWPG showed the highest antioxidant activity including total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Moreover, 3-year-old CWPG also revealed the highest acidic polysaccharide content. Therefore, these results suggested that 3-year-old CWPG, which is the cheapest, can be used in industrial application due to its high antioxidant activity and acidic polysaccharide content with similar ginsenoside profile compared to 5- and 7-year-old CWPGs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2008

Soybeans (Glycine max) with a black seed coat have been widely utilized as food source and as a medicinal herbs in Korea. The pigmentation in the seed coat of black soybean is due to accumulate anthocyanins in the epidermis palisade layer. The anthocyanin content and composition of the black soybean seed coat are considered as a standard. of quality evaluation of black soybean. The main objective of this study was to investigate the optimal condition for an extraction method of anthocyanins and compare anthocyanin quantity and composition within black soybean varieties and germplasms. In the test of extraction solvent, absorbance at 530 nm and Hunter's a value were increased as increasing the concentration of MeOH, but Hunter's Land b values were the exact opposite of absorbance and Hunter's a values. There was no significant difference for anthocyanin contents from 1% HCl - $H_2O$ to 1% HCl - 80% MeOH. In the aspects of anthocyanin contents and HPLC peak resolution, 1% HCl - 20% MeOH extraction solution was the most suitable solvent. Among the 5 kinds of extraction method using 1% HCl - 20% MeOH solution, the anthocyanin contents of room temperature extraction at 72 h was the highest among the methods. High extraction temperature, sonication and reflux method influenced on the decrease of anthocyanin contents because of breakdown of anthocyanins. There was no significant difference for extraction time between 12 h and 24 h. However, the optimal extraction condition were at room temperature for 12 h. The anthocyanin contents in seed coats of black soybean were determined on the basis of HPLC peak area at 530 nm. Ten black soybean varieties and germplasms were tested with optimal conditions founded in this study. On the basis of antocyanin component, these can be classified into three groups; C3G, C3G + D3G and C3G + D3G + Pt3G. The total anthocyanin content in seed coats ranged from 1.58 to 10.62 mg/g of seed. The total anthocyanin content of the variety "Geomjeongol" was about 7 times higher than that of variety "Heugchong". Information for extraction method and diversity in antocyanin of soybean seed coats can be used for future research for germplasm evaluation and development of high quality black soybean varieties.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2003

To understand the chemical structure of sewer sludge in comparison with commercial compost and charcoal used as a soil improver, it was carried out to analyse their ash contents and metal ions, and to elucidate the chemical structure of their residuals after a sequential treatment of alcohol-benzene(1:2) extraction in Soxhlet, 3% HCl reflux and 79% H₂SO₄ hydrolysis, using CHNS analyzer and solid C-13 NMR spectrometer. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Ash content of sludge was about 46% that is higher than those of compost (17%) and charcoal (4%). 2. The residual of sludge after a sequential treatment of HCl and H₂SO₄ hydrolyses had high ash content about 23%, too. 3. The sludge seems to be suitable to the soil improver because the content of heavy metal ions in sludge was near the compost and below the organic fertilizer standard. 4. Elemental composition of sludge residual after HCl-H₂SO₄ hydrolyes was C/sub 56/H/sub 91/O/sub 12/N₂S = (C/sub 6/H/sub 10/O/sub 5/)/sub 7/(C/sub 6/H₄)/sub 7/C₂H/sub 43/O₂N₂S, similar to C/sub 103/H/sub 122/O/sub 33/N/sub 6/S = (C/sub 6/H/sub 10/O/sub 5/)/sub 6/(C/sub 6/H₄)/sub 10/C/sub 7/H/sub 22/O₃N/sub 6/S of compost. 5. The sludge residual had proved to have both considerable aliphatic and aromatic groups, but the compost residual to have mainly aliphatic groups and the charcoal to have mainly aromatic groups, through the peak analysis of solid C-13 NMR charts. 6. So, the sewer sludge is proved to have a considerable amount of aromaticity like in woody biomass containing lignin.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2018

Astilbe rubra (AR) is a perennial, belongs to the Saxifragaceae family, it contains tannin and triterpene. AR has been used in republic korea to improve toxication, fever, pain and convulsion. Recently, number of natural products have been analyzed for potential pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic medication. Consequently, we investigated the growth inhibition effect of Astilbe rubra water extract (WAC), ethanol extract (EAC) and bergenin on Hela cell (human adenocarcinoma cell). From whole plant of A. rubra, bergenin was isolated by column chromatography and its structures were identified by $^1H$, $^{13}C$ NMR and IT TOF-ESI MS. High extraction efficiency of bergenin was shown at 0.95% under 60 min reflux extraction with 50% MeOH. The MTS assay showed that EAC (ethanol extract) treatment increased cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, EAC treatment on Hela cell increased apoptotic cell death and caspase-3 activity. Results suggest that EAC has growth inhibition effect on Hela cells, but not WAC and bergenin. $500{\mu}g/mL$ EAC treatment inhibited Hela cell at $60.2{\pm}1.5%$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.232-236
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• 2016

In traditional Korean medicine, Osmunda japonica Thunb has been used as hemostasis and antipyretic treatment. The main compound "cinnamtannin B-1" was obtained by column chromatographic separation, and its structure was determined by spectroscopic methods, including $^1H$, $^{13}C$ NMR, and IT-TOF-ESI MS. Ash, moisture and extract content and acidinsoluble ash were monitored as identification test to establish the analytical methods. The optimum reflux extraction condition was 100% methanol extracted 30 min for 2 times. A quantitative analysis using HPLC method exhibited that the main compound at 24.7 min and its content was 0.96% in methanol extraction.