• ETRI Journal
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.613-615
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• 2009

We propose a pilot-based coding (PBC) scheme for lossless bit rate reduction of parametric stereo (PS) in enhanced aacPlus. It uses PBC in addition to the existing frequency and time differential coding to encode and decode PS parameter indexes. We also design optimal Huffman codebooks (HCBs) for PBC in the proposed scheme. Experiments show that the proposed scheme is superior to the original coding scheme, where both the new coding structure and the optimal HCBs contribute to the bit rate reduction.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 1998

This study surveys the mechanical properties such as bending and shear properties to the weight reduction rate of PET fabrics. For this purpose, 12 kinds of satin and 18 kinds of plain weave fabrics are prepared with change of the physical properties of weft yarn(T.P.M., density, and denier) The weight reduction rate was 0％, 12％, 25％, and 30％. Bending rigidity and hysteresis, shear rigidity and hysteresis were measured and discussed with theoretical values in relation with weft twist, yarn linear density, weft fabric density and weave structures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.816-825
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• 1998

This study surveys the thermal property and air permeability to the weight reduction rate of PET fabrics. For this purpose, 12 kinds of satin and 18 kinds of plain weave fabrics are prepared with change of the physical properties such as weft yarn count, t.p.m. and density. The weight reduction rate was 0%, 12%, 25% and 30%. The warm/cool feeling(Qmax), thermal insulating value(T.I.V.) and thermal conductivity(K) were measured by KES-F7 System and discussed in relation with the weight reduction rate, weft yarn linear density, t.p.m., weft density of fabric and weave structure.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.14 no.2 s.74
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• pp.147-152
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to develop an optimal drawing die for the clad wire drawing process. Cu-clad wire, which has the advantages of the high strength of a steel core and the electro-conductivity, corrosion resistance of a copper layer, is widely being used in the field of the telecommunications, electric-electronic and military technology industries. It is important to obtain uniformly coated rate when producing clad wires. Drawing process of clad wire will be influenced on damage and coated rate of core and sleeve for process variables such as semi-die angle and reduction in area. Therefore, in this study, the finite-element result obtained in this study was analyzed to the effect of the various forming parameters, which included the semi-die angle and reduction in area. The coated rate will be predicted with observation of copper coated rate variation according to total reduction in area and the optimal pass schedule will be set up through proper reduction in area and semi-die angle variation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.366-369
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• 2002

Subsurface biobarrier technology has potential applications to contain contaminated groundwater and/or to degrade toxic pollutants in groundwater. Most biobarrier studies were conducted under aerobic condition, however there were several obstacles to make aerobic condition. Thus, In this study, we examined biobarrier formation under denitrifying condition by using nitrate as an electron acceptor. Experiments were performed with a sand column inoculated with activated sludge from the nearby WWTP. The substrate medium was pumped to the sand column in an upflow mode. During the low substrate loading rate period, the extent of reduction rate in hydraulic conductivity was found similar throughout the column, and permeability became relatively stable after couple of days. However, during the high substrate loading rate period, the column demonstrated a gradient of permeability reduction, with the greatest reduction in sections nearest the column inlet. Rapid growth of microorganisms near the column inlet resulted in the unbalanced reduction of hydraulic conductivity throughout the sand column. As a result, at this denitrifying condition the thickness of biobarrier could be controlled by adjusting the medium conditions of microbial growth.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 1987

The reduction of a series of 1-substituted benzyl-3-cyanoquinolinium ions (p-$cH_3$, H, p-Br, m-F, p-CN) by sodium borohydride has been investigated. In all cases the products from these reactions were found to be 1, 2-dihydroquinolines over 82% yields. Rates of reduction were measured in basic condition and in solvent system consisting of 4 parts of isopropyl alcohol and 1 part of water by volume. Second order rate constants were obtained for these reactions. When the ratio of [$OH^-$] to [$BH_4^-$] becomes large the observed rate constants ($K_{obs}$) decrease by a small factor. Reaction scheme and rate law are discussed. Bronsted ${\alpha}(=\frac{d\;In\;k}{d\;In\;K})$ obtained by using the value of equilibrium constant K, which was obtained previously, was not 0. Instead, a value of 0.36 was obtained which indicated that the reduction by borohydride was structure-dependent according to the Marcus formalism even though the reaction rate was close to the diffusion limit.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.10-19
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• 1998

This study surveys the mechanical properties such as tensile and compressional properties to the weight reduction rate of PET fabrics with various weft linear densities, weft t.p.m. and desities. 18 kinds of plain and 12 kinds of satin weave fabrics were woven and processed with variation of weight reduction rate(0％, 12％, 25％ and 30％) in dyeing and finishing processes. Tensile work, resilience and compressional work and resilience of these finished fabrics treated with different weight reduction rates were measured by KES-FB System and discussed with various wok linear densities, weft t.p.m., densities, and weight reduction rates.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2009

This paper is to investigated the analysis of performance characteristics of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for diesel vehicle with 2.5L piston displacement. The performance evaluation test of DOC applied to test diesel vehicle was carried out for four kinds of DOCs manufactured from different company. The testing DOCs were randomly selected from the retrofit vehicle and then standard test vehicle that was representative for the application group was equipped with DOC for the test. In this verification test, the reduction rate of particulate matter (P.M.) and the deviation of the performance of the DOC were examined through CVS-75 mode of the standard vehicle and SOF reduction rate of specific DOC was investigated. It was found that some DOCs failed to pass the criteria of the P.M. reduction rate because of the reason seen catalyst aging even if they were same devices. In the result of SOF analysis, the specific DOC showed more PM reduction than SOF of PM. reduction exceptionally.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.493-502
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• 2012

This study aimed to determine the management and environmental factors affecting medical expense reduction. For analysis, medical expenses were divided into hospitalization expenses and outpatient treatment expenses, and the rate of medical expense reduction was classified into initial and final reduction rates. Data were collected through a direct survey among 205 directors of independent health insurance review departments of hospital-level medical institutions in Korea. The results of the study are discussed below: In the analysis, differences in the initial and final reduction rates of hospitalization expenses and outpatient treatment expenses were compared. The results showed that, in hospitalization expenses, the initial and final reduction rates were both significantly affected by the following management factors: number of beds, number of departments, number of personnel reviewing health insurance cases, and total number of employees. Further, in outpatient treatment expenses, the initial and final reduction rates were both affected significantly by the following management factors: management of medical records, number of beds, number of departments, number of personnel reviewing health insurance, and total number of employees. The management factors significantly affecting both the initial and final reduction rates were higher number of beds for hospitalization expenses and electronic medical record management for outpatient treatment expenses. The environmental factors significantly affecting both the initial and final reduction rates of hospitalization expenses were a highly cooperative work environment, better implementation of indicator management systems, and overtime pay. Better implementation of indicator management system and a committee for handling medical expenses had significant effects on the initial reduction rate for outpatient treatment expenses. A highly cooperative work environment, better implementation of indicator management system, and overtime pay had significant effects on the final reduction rate for outpatient treatment expenses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Reliability Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.121-129
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• 2005

In this paper, we consider a periodic preventive maintenance(PM) policy in which each PM reduces the hazard rate of amount proportional to the failure intensity, which increases since the last PM and slows down the wear-out speed to that of new one. And the proportion of reduction in hazard rate decreases with the number of PMs. Our model is similar to $ARI_1$ proposed by Doyen and Gaudoin(2004) in the sense of reduction of hazard rate. Our model has totally different wear-out pattern of hazard rate after PM's, however, and the proportion of reduction depends on the number of PM's. Assuming that the system undergoes only minimal repairs at failures between PM's, the expected cost rate per unit time is obtained. The optimal number N of PM and the optimal period x, which minimize the expected cost rate per unit time are discussed. Explicit solutions for the optimal periodic PM are given for the Weibull distribution case.