• 한국연소학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.37-50
• /
• 2000

In the present study, a systematic chemical kinetic calculations were made to investigate the augmentation of $NO-NO_2$ conversion due to the addition of various hydrocarbons (methane, ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane) in the nonthermal plasma treatment. It is included in the present conclusion that the reaction between hydrocarbon and oxygen radicals induced by electron collision, is believed to be a primarily process for triggering the overall NO oxidation and the eventual NOx reduction. Upon the completion of the initiating step, various radicals (OH, $HO_2$ etc.) successively are produced by hydrocarbon decomposition form the primary path of $NO-NO_2$ conversion. When the initiating step is not activated, hydrocarbon consumption rate appeared to be very low, thereby the targeted level of NO conversion can only be achieved by the addition of more input energy. Present study showed ethylene and propylene to have higher affinity with O radical under all conditions, thereby both of these hydrocarbons show very fast and efficient $NO-NO_2$ oxidation. It was also shown that propylene is superior to ethylene in the aspect of NOx removal.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 2010

The solute carbon content in ferrite is one of the important factors to obtain good formability in low carbon steels. Although most of the carbons are consumed by the formation of grain boundary cementite during coiling after hot-rolling, the carbon content after coiling is normally observed much more than that of equilibrium. In this study, a classical nucleation and growth model is used to simulate the precipitation kinetics of the grain boundary cementite from coiling temperature (CT) to room temperature (RT). The predicted precipitation behaviors depending on the initial carbon content and the cooling rate are compared with the reported. As a result, the lateral growth of thickening of cementite is a major factor for the sluggish reaction of grain boundary cementite. The reduction of solute carbon content after coiling is divided into three regions: a) increase due to no cementite precipitation, b) decrease due to the fast length-wise growth of cementite, c) increase due to the slow thickness-wise growth of cementite.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2022

With a small particle size, specific surface area and chemical nature, Pd/Cu-Fe nanocomposites can efficiently remove the organic compounds. In order to understand the applicability for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater, the degradation of p-nitrophenol by Pd/Cu-Fe nanoparticles was investigated. The degradation results demonstrated that these nanoparticles could effectively degrade p-nitrophenol and near 90% of degradation efficiency was achieved by Pd/Cu-Fe nanocomposites for 120 min treatment. The efficiency of degradation increased significantly when the Pd content increased from 0.05 wt.% and 0.10 wt.% to 0.20 wt.%. Meanwhile, the removal percentage of p-nitrophenol increased from 75.4% and 81.7% to 89.2% within 120 min. Studies on the kinetics of p-nitrophenol that reacts with Pd/Cu-Fe nanocomposites implied that their behaviors followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Furthermore, the batch experiment data suggested that some factors, including Pd/Cu-Fe availability, temperature, pH, different ions (SO42-, PO43-, NO3-) and humic acid content in water, also have significant impacts on p-nitrophenol degradation efficiency. The recyclability of the material was evaluated. The results showed that the Pd/Cu-Fe nanoparticles have good recycle performance, and after three cycles, the removal rate of p-nitrophenol is still more than 83%.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제52권6호
• /
• pp.617-624
• /
• 2019

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is one of the promising next generation non-thermal technologies for food sterilization. The present study investigated the effects of DBD plasma on the reduction of most common food-borne pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella enterica) and sanitary indicative bacteria (Escherichia coli) in the suspension (initial inoculum of approx. 9 log CFU/mL). The bacterial counts were significantly (P<0.05) reduced with the increase in the treatment time (1-30 min) of DBD plasma in the suspension. The D-values (time for 90% reduction) of DBD plasma by first-order kinetics for S. aureus, B. cereus, V. parahaemolyticus, S. enterica, and E. coli were 17.76, 19.96, 32.89, 21.55, and 15.24 min, respectively (R²>0.90). These results specifically showed that 30 min of DBD plasma treatment in > 90% reduction of seafood-borne pathogenic and sanitary indicative bacteria. This suspension study may provide the basic data for use in seafood processing and distribution.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.331-337
• /
• 2007

High temperature reaction behaviors of various oxide materials (such as bauxite, pyrophyllite, mullite and fused silica powders) used in the refractory materials for tap-hole plugging of blast furnace were investigated with varying temperature in the carbon surrounding. Kinetics of carbothermal reduction of $SiO_2$ for forming SiC with high corrosion resistance were strongly dependent on it's crystalline phase. SiC generation yield increased with increasing catalyst amount in oxide regardless of generated SiO gas amount at temperature of $<1500^{\circ}C$. However, in case of fused silica over $1500^{\circ}C$, SiC generation yield was dominantly influenced by SiO amount without catalyst effect. Bauxite showed the most effective carbothermal reduction reaction, since bauxite have a large amount of catalyst and well-dispersed $SiO_2$ phase in oxide matrix.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.293-306
• /
• 2014

The present study primarily focuses on the evaluation of the comparative effect of chemical coagulation and ultrasonication for elimination of aromatic amines (AAs) present in anaerobically pretreated textile wastewater containing different types of dyes including azo dyes. Color and COD reduction was also monitored at the optimized conditions. The production of AAs was measured spectrophotometrically in the form of total aromatic amines (TAAs) and also verified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) selectively. A composite coagulant, magnesium chloride (MC) aided with aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) in an equal ratio (MC + ACH) was utilized during the coagulation process, which yielded 31% of TAAs removal along with 85% of color and 52% of COD reduction. At optimized power (200 W) and sonication time (5 h), an appreciable TAAs degradation efficiency (85%) was observed along with 51% color reduction and 62% COD removal using ultrasonication. The chromatographic data indicate that sulphanilic acid and benzidine types of aromatic amines were produced after the reductive cleavage of utilized textile dyes, which were effectively mineralized after ultrasonication. The degradation followed the first order kinetics with a correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.89 and a first-order kinetic constant (k) of $0.0073min^{-1}$.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.412-417
• /
• 2022

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) provide zero emission power sources for electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Although significant progresses for the widespread application of electrochemical energy technology have been achieved, some drawbacks such as catalytic activity, durability, and high cost of catalysts still remain. Pt-based catalysts are regarded as the most efficient catalysts for sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, their prohibitive cost limits the commercialization of PEMFCs. Therefore, we proposed a NiCo@Au core shell structure as Pt-free ORR electrocatalyst in PEMFCs. NiCo alloy was synthesized as core to introduce ionization tendency and autoxidation reaction. Au as a shell was synthesized to prevent oxidation of core NiCo and increase catalytic activity for ORR. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical properties, and PEMFCs performance of the novel NiCo@Au core-shell as a catalyst for ORR in PEMFCs application. Based on results of this study, possible mechanism for catalytic of autoxidation core@anti-oxidation shell in PEMFCs is suggested.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.354-361
• /
• 2022

In a direct methanol fuel cell system (DMFC), one of the drawbacks is methanol crossover. Methanol from the anode passes through the membrane and enters the cathode, causing mixed potential in the cell. Only Pt-based catalysts are capable of operating as cathode for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a harsh acidic condition of DMFC. However, it causes mixed potential due to high activity toward methanol oxidation reaction of Pt. To overcome this situation, developing Pt-based catalyst that has methanol tolerance is significant, by controlling reactant adsorption or reaction kinetics. Pt/C decorated with phosphate ion was prepared by modified polyol method as cathode catalyst in DMFC. Phosphate ions, bonded to the carbon of Pt/C, surround free Pt surface and block only methanol adsorption on Pt, not oxygen. It leads to the suppression of methanol oxidation in an oxygen atmosphere, resulting in high DMFC performance compared to pristine Pt/C.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.207-219
• /
• 2024

Metal-N-C (MNC) catalysts have been anticipated as promising candidates for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to achieve low-cost polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The structure of the M-N_x moiety enabled a high catalytic activity that was not observed in previously reported transition metal nanoparticle-based catalysts. Despite progress in non-precious metal catalysts, the low density of active sites of MNCs, which resulted in lower single-cell performance than Pt/C, needs to be resolved for practical application. This review focused on the recent studies and methodologies aimed to overcome these limitations and develop an inexpensive catalyst with excellent activity and durability in an alkaline environment. It included the possibility of non-precious metals as active materials for ORR catalysts, starting from Co phthalocyanine as ORR catalyst and the development of methodologies (e.g., metal-coordinated N-containing polymers, metal-organic frameworks) to form active sites, M-N_x moieties. Thereafter, the motivation, procedures, and progress of the latest research on the design of catalyst morphology for improved mass transport ability and active site engineering that allowed the promoted ORR kinetics were discussed.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2014

사용후핵연료 파이로 공정은 전기화학 이론들에 기초하여 개발되고 있다. 공정 모사는 공정 개발과 실험데이터 해석에 주요한 방법 중 하나로 파이로 공정에서도 필요한 접근 방법 중 하나이다. 현재까지 파이로 공정의 공정 모사는 전해정련 공정 위주로 진행되어 왔으며 전해환원 공정에 대한 연구는 많지 않았다. 전해환원 공정은 전해정련 공정과 달리 기체 발생과 다공성 전극의 특징을 지니고 있기 때문에 공정 모사를 위한 모델 개발을 위해서는 이를 고려한 수식들이 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 전기화학 셀 해석에 필요한 열역학, 물질전달, 반응공학 이론 중 전해환원 공정 모델 개발에 필요한 개념과 수식들을 정리하여 제시하였다. 전해환원 셀을 구분하여 각 부분에 적용해야하는 수식들을 나열했으며 각 부분들 연결에 사용되는 경계조건들 역시 제시하였다. 이들 수식들은 추후 모델 개발에 기초로 사용될 수 있으며 실험데이터와 결합시켜 결정되어야 하는 매개변수 파악에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.