• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 1995

Safflower is natural red dye largely used for dyeing on cotton. It contains yellowish safflower yellow and reddish carthamin, whose constitution is known. Safflower yellow is water-soluble dye and carthamin is solved in alkaline condition. Carthamon obtained by adding acidic solution to a carthamin shows the original hue of safflower. In present study, the dyeing behavior of natural dye known as safflower are examined in an aqueous acidic medium by use of the different dyeing methods such as traditional, modern and purifide-powder method. The relationship between the dye-uptake of cotton fabric investigated by the three methods and the various dyeing conditions is discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.79-90
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• 2004

In this study we tried to find the skin color of Koreans according to the change of seasons, and to the degree of make-up used by men and women. in order to furnish foundation data that could be used in the cosmetics and clothes industries. The skin color was measured with Minolta's Chrome Meter CR-200 in seven parts of the body with Munsell's hue, value, chroma. The difference in skin color in men and women's groups, and the difference in skin color of each group in March and in September were treated with SPSS's Anova and t-test. 1. In both seasons. March and September, a big difference could be observed between the two groups (men and women's). The body was more yellowish than the face. The men's group had a reddish skin color than the women's groups. In all groups we could observe a big difference in color between seasons, and in March, the skin was more reddish whereas in September, it became more yellowish. 2. As for the value, both in March and in September, the hairline was darkest, and the lightest areas were the jaw and the inner arm which showed a similar value. The group of women who put on make-up had the highest value, whereas the men's group showed the lowest result in value. We suppose it to be due to the fact that Putting on make-up prevented the melanin pigmentation by blocking the UV rays. 3. We could observe the highest value in chrome in the chin area both in March and in September, and there was no significant change. There was a difference in men and women's groups, but not a significant one within the women's groups.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.260-266
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• 2008

Recently there has been a growing interest in the use of natural dyes in textile applications. Natural dyes can exhibit better biodegradability and generally have a higher compatibility with the environment. In this study, the colorants of clove were extracted with boiling water. Chitosan crosslinked cotton fabrics have been dyed with aqueous extract of clove and their dyeabilities on the fabrics were studied. Additionally the fastness to washing and light, and the effects on antimicrobial properties were also investigated. Cotton fabrics were treated with a crosslinking agent epichlorohydrin in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics the dyeing properties of natural dye(clove) by the chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. This process was applied by means of the conventional mercerizing process. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics occurred simultaneously in the mercerization bath. The dyeability(K/S), which was obtained by CCM observation, remarkablely became increased when the crosslinked chitosan concentration was higher. The hue value indicated reddish yellow with increasing the crosslinked chitosan concentration. And the color fastness to washing and light was the almost the same. The chitosan treated cotton fabrics showed very high activities with almost 100% reduction.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.5 s.58
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• pp.686-698
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• 2005

In this study, simultaneous mordanting method of dyeing in the Caesalpinia sappan dye liquor mixed with the rice straw ash solution was employed. The dyeing effects were compared and reviewed according to the changes of dyeing mechanisms of pre-mordanting and simultaneous mordanting using ash solutions. By the direct addition of the ash solution, the pH of the liquor was abruptly changed. In the case of maintaining the pH value of the ash solution at about 7 or 8, compared to the pre-mordanting, $a^{*}$ values increased and $b^{*}$ values decreased. As a result, it is highly desirable in terms of selective emphasis on the reddish hue. The color development, differentiated from that obtainable by the dyeing of chitosan pre-treated fabric, was obtained due to the effect of the water soluble chitosan component on the dyeing mechanism.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2008

For the purpose of standardization and practicability of natural dyeing, the mordanting and dyeing properties of gallnut was studied. In this study, the colorants of gallnut were extracted with boiling water. Chitosan crosslinked cotton fabrics were been dyed with aqueous extract of gallnut and their dyeabilities on the fabrics were studied. Additionally, the fastness to washing and light were also investigated. Cotton fabrics were treated with a crosslinking agent epichlorohydrin in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics the dyeing properties of natural dye(gallnut) by the chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics carried out simultaneously in the mercerization bath. The dyeability(K/S), which was obtained by CCM observation, remarkably increased as the concentration of chitosan was high. Dye ability of gallnut showed higher toward chitosan treated cotton than controlled cotton fabric under condition at $60^{\circ}C$, for 20 min. The hue value indicated reddish yellow with increasing the crosslinked chitosan concentration. And the color fastness to washing and light was the almost the same.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2012

In order to develop the end use of cylindrical laminated veneer lumber (LVL) such as wooden crafts, the light resistance properties of natural dye-colored and finished cylindrical LVL was investigated. The study results were as follows; The cross section of LVL showed the higher light resistance than its tangential section, and the light resistance also increased with surface coated. On the other hand, LVL specimen were colored by 9 natural dyes of amur cork-tree etc., and the natural and apparent hue harmonized with wood was found after coating and light resistance test. Particularly, The dyes extracted from amur cork-tree, persimon and sappan wood showed orange color, reddish brown and red color respectively, giving an accenting effect to original wood color.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.136-144
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• 2005

Oxidative hair color is currently widely used because of its beautiful light color and good dyeability. In this study, hair color, oxidative agents, and dye intermediate were reacted. Modifier, which changes color with various hue, and alkaline agent, which opens the cuticle of hair fiber and enhances the dyeing reaction, were added. For gel formation, isocetyl alcohol was used as solvent in preparing three kinds of permanent oxidative hair color. Physiochemical study of prepared permanent oxidative hair color was done for basic information acquisition. Acid perspiration test, pH measurement both at room temperature and at high temperature, drop movement test, dyeability efficiency upon the amount of hydrogen peroxide added, and humidity fastness were studied. Shampoo fastness and light fastness of prepared permanent oxidative hair color dyed hair sample were also investigated. All three kinds of hair color prepared showed good properties overall, however, dyed hair sample became reddish upon shampoo fastness and lightfastness tests.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1991

There had been no reports of Trichophyton tonsurans infection in Korea yet. We have much chances to import the organism through international travels and exchanges. But we, Korean, have no experiences to observe T. tonsurans. Author tried mycological studies with T. tonsurans isolated in New Orleans, USA. The results are as follows : Gross findings of T. tonsurans showed that fine granular surface with light yellow hue or white color and groving in the central area on the front side and mahogany brown color on the reverse side. On the urease test, various reddish discoloration was noted. Microscopic findings showed that septated hyphae, macroconidia, chlamydoconidia and microcondia. Macroconidia were 3-5 septated, smooth-surfaced, and were found more frequently in the whitish colony. Microconidia were characteristic in their arrangement and shape ; round or oval shaped microconidia laterally to hyphae, some were match-head like terminal swelling. Hair perforation test showed positive results in 16 strains among 19 tested strains. All these findings are similar to T. rubrum and T. menatgrophytes, the most frequent isolates of dermatophytes in Korea. And we have to pay an attention to diffentiate carefully.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.241-245
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• 1999

The potential of hydroponic cultivated Chinese cabbage as a kimchi material was evaluated. The hydroponic-grown (HG) Chinese cabbage was heavier in weight, taller in height, wider in width, but less in number of leaves compared with the field-grown (FG) Chinese cabbage. The former showed higher contents of calcium, iron, vitamin A and niacin, and lower lipid and vitamin C than the latter. During fermentation of 28 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$, FG and HG kimchis showed comparable pH and acidity values, besides that the FG and HG kimchis showed a pH value of 4.2 and 4.0, respectively, at the 14th day. The FG kimchi showed higher numbers of total microbes as well as total and typical lactic acid bacteria than the HG kimchi at the 7th day. However, both kimchis did not show any difference at 14th day. There was no significant difference in the {TEX}$L^{*}${/TEX} value between FG and HG kimchis. However, HG kimchi showed a more reddish hue than FE kimchi between the 7th and 14th day of fermentation. In sensory evaluation, the HG kimchi revealed a slightly more sour taste and a less crispy texture than the FE kimchi at the 14th day. However, both kimchis did not show any difference in overall quality until the 21st day of fermentation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 1996

Colored rices have been used for specific purposes by rice consumers due to the color and nutritive values empirically recognized. In this study, varietal variations of pigmentation and nutritive values were investigated in brown, red, purple and black rices. Pigments were localized in seed coat to pericarp region in all varieties tested. Pigments were slightly residued on the surface of milled rice. Anthocyanin content per g brown rice was 1.63~17.62 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in brown and reddish-brown rices, 3.56~11.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in red rices, 28.11~401.22 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in purple rices, and 3, 665.98 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in a black rice. A vatiety DZ 78 showed the highest protein content out of colored rices analyzed for protein. Normal and colored rices were found to have the similiar composition of amino acids, and so was in between brown rice without embryo and milled rice. Colored rices, L $K_1$B-4-12-1-1 and DK 1, showed higher content of vitamin $B_1$ compared with Hwacheongbyeo, a check variety of no specific color, and L $K_1$B-2-1-1 and L $K_1$B-4-12-1-1 showed much higher content of vitamin B2 in brown rice without embryo. Cation contents such as $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and F $e^{2+}$ were significantly increased in most of the colored rices tested implying that the increase might be associated with color pigmentation.ation.