• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.167-175
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• 1996

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of light quality on formation of fruit body primordia (FBPs) of Ganoderma lucidum. To achieve this 5 isolates of the fungus that develops fruit body primordia on nutrient agar media were incubated with or without continuous irradiation. The fluorescent lamps used different colors such as black light blue (BLB), pure blue (P-B), pure green (P-G), pure yellow (P-Y) and pure red (P-R). Effect of periodic light and dark exposures on FBP formation of isolate Gl-009 was investigated. The FBP formation in G. lucidum isolates was also tested under monochromatic light produced by the combination of interference filters and colored glass filters. Three isolates produced FBPs under all kinds of fluorescent lamps, whereas two induced FBPs only under visible light except for BLB fluorescent lamp. However, these isolate did not form FBPs in the dark. The FBP was formed at light intensity from 0.05 to $10.0\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and begun to reduce its number as light intensity increase over $0.5\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. When the isolate was incubated under periodic light and dark exposures, the number and weight of FBP increased as compared with those under continuous light. Initiation of FBP requires at least 4 days of light illumination. Although isolate Gl-003 produced FBPs in a wide range of 400 to 800 nm, other four isolates had two effective regions 400 to 500 nm and 700 to 750 nm in FBP formation.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 1998

Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of copper using three Cu( I ) precursors. (hfac)Cu (VTMS) (hfac= hexafluoroacetylacetonate, VTMS= vinyltrimethylsilane), (hfac)Cu(VTMOS) (VTMOS= vinyltri¬methoxysilane) and (hfac)Cu(A TMS) (A TMS= allyltrimethylsilane) was studied. The thermal stability and the gase¬ous phase reaction mechanism of Cu( I ) precursors were identified using $^1H$-, $^I3C$-NMR and Fourier transform infra¬red spectroscopy. It was found out that thermal stability of liquid phase (hfac)Cu(VTMS) and (hfac)Cu(VTMOS) were better than that of (hfac)Cu(A TMS) using FT - NMR. From in-situ FT - IR experiments, the disproportion reaction of Cu(hfac). the decomposition reaction of Cu(hfac), and cracking of free hfac ligand were observed. Also the effect of gaseous phase reaction on the deposition rates and film properties was investigated. The minimum temperature that deposition of copper films from (hfac)Cu(A TMS) was as low as 60$^{\circ}$C and such a low deposition temperature compared with those of other Cu( I ) precursors is believed to be related with weaken Cu- A TMS bond.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.328-341
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• 2004

Presowing seed treatments used to enhance the rates of germination and afterward seedling emergence have not occasionally shown the same rate in indoor and field. The treatments considering germination mechanism and factors affecting germination must be totally included in indoor experiments so that the results drawn can be reproduced in the field. Seed germination is controlled by Phytochrome-mediated action changed with composition rates of red and far-red lights. Sunlight can penetrate soil into $6{\sim}9\;mm$ depth, which in turn means that seeds having $2{\sim}3\;mm$ in their width may receive the light if soil was covered 3 times over them. The penetrating light, moreover, turns to more far-red light than red light reverse to the sunlight. For germination tests after the artificial presowing seed treatments, therefore, seeds of smaller than 2 mm (< 2 mm), $2{\sim}3\;mm$, and larger than 3 mm (> 3 mm) must be done with incandescent lamp (IL) having more far-red light, with IL or in darkness, and in darkness, respectively. The 96 papers published in 13 Korean scientific journals up to the end of 2003 were analysed on the basis of the above explanation. 91 species were used 147 times as experimental materials; 101 times for < 2 mm seeds, 24 times for $2{\sim}3\;mm$ seeds and 22 times for > 3 mm seeds. If they were analysed as the light sources used for germination tests, correct applications reached more and less than 60% in both $2{\sim}3\;mm$ and > 3 mm seeds but 23% in < 2 mm seeds, conclusionally meaning that when the experimental results in the scientific papers were applied into farming practices, care was taken of their application because most of medicinal plant seeds were very small.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2014

The marine microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans was cultured under a fluorescent lamp (CON) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths (blue, LB; red, LR; green, LG; white, LW); changes in growth, fucoxanthin, chlorophyll-a, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated. LR-exposed cultures exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (0.34), whereas LG-exposed cultures showed the lowest SGR (0.26). After cultivation for 10 days, the maximum dry cell weight (g/L) of LR-exposed cultures was significantly higher than that of those exposed to other light conditions (LR${\geq_-}$CON>LB${\geq_-}$LW${\geq_-}$LG). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels were significantly higher in CON-exposed cultures compared to those exposed to LW (P<0.05), with no marked difference compared to those exposed to LB, LR and LG (P>0.05). The fucoxanthin content was highest in LB-exposed cultures ($6.3{\mu}g/mL$), whereas LW showed the lowest ($3.6{\mu}g/mL$; P<0.05). Chlorophyll-a content was highest in cultures exposed to LB compared to other light sources. These results suggest consistent differences in growth and biochemical composition after exposure to light of different wavelengths.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2014

We aim to elucidate suitable mixed color of light during development of fruit body in Pleurotus ostreatus. The four mixed color of LED(Light Emitting Diode), blue and white, green and white, blue and green and green and red LED, were irradiated for formation of fruit-body. First, as effect of mixed color of LED, the properties of fruit body of P. ostreatus in blue and white LED irradiation were showed higher commercial yields than those in control(fluorescent lamp). And the ergothioneine was the highest at the blue and white LED. Second, we could obtain higher commercial yields than those at the $1{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ of light intensity by blue and white LED in P. ostreatus.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.325-335
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• 1994

The spinel $MgO.Al_20_3$ single crystals were grown by FZ (floating zone) method. Its melting point is about, $2135^{\circ}C$ and is important to the process of the growth from the melt. There have been some reports of the growth by Czochralski and Verneuil method. However, this study is the first trial to the spinel crystal with the application of FZ method. In this study, $MgAl_2O_4$ spinel crystals were grown by using FZ method which uses the ellipsoidal mirror furnace having infrared halogen lamps as a heat source. With dopants of transition metal ions, it was possible to melt the feed rod which does not absorb the infrared rays due to the transparent properties to infrared ray of spinel itself and the red, green and blue colored spinel single crystals could be grown more easily. As a conclusion, the purpose of this study is to find the spinel single crystal growth mechanism with respect to th growth interfaces and molten zone stability and to characterize the state of growth resulting from the concavity to the melt of interfaces.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1971

This experiment was conducted to determine the most effective type of Bight·trap for pine catepillar moths (Dendrolimus spectabilis B.) and to investigate the environmental factors affecting the attractiveness of the moths.. The various types of light traps made used of: black light, white light, fluorescent light, yellow light, and red light and the environmental factors considered were rainfall, wind velocity and collecting time. All the traps were operated from 8 in the evening to midnight. The results obtained are summarized as follows; The most effective attraction of moths ($62\%$ of total number attracted) was observed with blacklight-lamp and the most abundant attraction of the moths was found from 8 to 10 in the evening. Attractiveness in terms of sex ratio attracted from 8 to 10 in the evening was found to the .approximately 7 female to 1 male, Environmental factors considered were found to have no influences in attractiveness of the moths in this experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.925-932
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• 2001

The influence of ultraviolet(UV)-ray in sun light on human skin has been noted. Textiles can provide protection against harmful UV-radiation. Normally UV-absorbing finishes are used to get better protection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the UV-cut properties of cotton fabrics treated with UV-absorber. 2,2-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethoxbenzophenone, as UV-absorber was applied to 100% cotton fabric. Reagents added in finishing solution were Triton X-100, polyethylene glycol 400, and $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$, and C.I. Direct Red 81. Both untreated and treated cotton fabrics were exposed to a xenon arc lamp for 20 and 80 hours. UV absorption spectra of finishing solutions and UV transmission spectra of fabrics were measured by the UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Absorption and the related transmission spectra were modified in a controlled way with UV-absorber. Absorption effect of UV-absorber was improved by adding Triton X-100, PEG 400, and $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$ in finishing solution. The UV absorption of finishing solution was in the following order: U/D/T/P/M>D/T/P/M> D/T> D/P, D>U/T/P/M>U/T>T/P/M>T. The UV transmittance of cotton fabrics was remarkably decreased by the application of UV-absorber and additives. The UV-cut properties were most improved by the application of U/D/T/P/M.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.108-111
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• 2016

$Y_2O_3-H_3BO_3:Eu^{3+}$ powders are synthesized using a mechanical alloying method, and their photoluminescence (PL) properties are investigated through luminescence spectrophotometry. For samples milled for 300 min, some $Y_2O_3$ peaks ([222], [440], and [622]) and amorphous formations are observed. The 300-min-milled mixture annealed at $800^{\circ}C$ for 1 h with Eu = 8 mol% has the strongest PL intensity at every temperature increase of $100^{\circ}C$ (increasing from 700 to $1200^{\circ}C$ in $100^{\circ}C$ increments). PL peaks of the powder mixture, as excited by a xenon discharge lamp (20 kW) at 240 nm, are detected at approximately 592 nm (orange light, $^5D_o{\rightarrow}^7F_1$), 613 nm, 628 nm (red light, $^5D_o{\rightarrow}^7F_2$), and 650 nm. The PL intensity of powder mixtures milled for 120 min is generally lower than that of powder mixtures milled for 300 min under the same conditions. PL peaks due to $YBO_3$ and $Y_2O_3$ are observed for 300-min-milled $Y_2O_3-H_3BO_3$ with Eu = 8 mol% after annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ for 1 h.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2013

The marine microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. was cultured under a metal halide lamp (MH) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths (blue, LB; red, LR; yellow, LY; green, LG; white, LW); changes in growth, total carotenoid, chlorophyll a, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated. LB-exposed cultures exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (0.32), whereas LY-exposed cultures showed the lowest SGR (0.18). After cultivation for 9 days, the maximum dry cell weight (g/L) of LB-exposed cultures was significantly higher than that of those exposed to other light conditions (LB>MH>LW$${\geq_-}LG{\geq_-}$$LR>LY). The essential amino acid (EAA, %) contents of cultures exposed to LG, LB, LR and MH were higher than those exposed to LY and LW (P<0.05). Eicosapentaenoic acid and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly higher in MH-exposed cultures compared to those exposed to LY (P<0.05), with no marked difference compared to those exposed to LB, LG, LR and LW (P>0.05). The total carotenoid content was highest in LR-exposed cultures (18.0 mg/L), whereas MH showed the lowest (11.8 mg/L; P<0.05). Chlorophyll a content was highest in cultures exposed to LR compared to other light sources. These results suggest consistent differences in growth and biochemical composition after exposure to light of different wavelengths.