• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2005

본 실험은 홍삼, 백삼, 압출성형 공정변수인 수분함량을 25%와 30%로 달리하여 제조한 압출성형수삼의 화학적 성분을 비교하였다. 조회분, 조지방, 총당의 경우 홍삼, 백삼, 압출성형수삼 간의 차이가 거의 나타나지 않았고, 환원당의 경우 백삼시료에서 다른 처리구보다 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 아미노산은 수삼을 파쇄하여 7$0^{\circ}C$에서 건조한 수삼(A처리구)에서 낮은 함량을 나타내었고, 수분함량 25%, 배럴 11$0^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전속도 200 rpm에서 압출성형한 수삼(B처리구)보다 수분함량 30%, 배럴 11$0^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전속도 200 rpm에서 압출성형한 수삼(C처리구)이 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 조사포닌의 경우에는 A처리구가 4.02%, B와 C처리구가 4.77%, 4.12%이고, 수삼 표피를 제거하지 않은 피부백삼(D처리구)은 3.56%, 수삼 표피를 제거한 피부백삼(E처리구)의 경우는 3.25%, 홍삼(F처리구)은 4.02%로 조사되었다. 총 진세노사이드는 조사포닌의 경우와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 즉 A처리구가 6.031 mg/g, B와 C처리구가 8.108 mg/g, 6.876 mg/g으로 조사되었고, D처리구는 7.978 mg/g, E처리구의 경우는 5.591 mg/g, F처리구는 9.834 mg/g로 측정되었다. F처리구에서 홍삼특유 사포닌이라고 알려진 $R_{g3}$가 측정되었다. 말톨의 경우에는 홍삼과 압출성형수삼 처리구에서만 관찰되었다. 산성다당체는 압출성형에 의해 2∼3% 증가하였다. 결론적으로 압출성 형수삼은 홍삼의 성분과 유사한 결과를 나타내었으며, 압출성형공정변수의 변화를 통해 홍삼에 포함된 홍삼특유 사포닌인 $R_{g3}$도 전환될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권s01호
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• pp.115-123
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• 1988

Ginseng has been used as a medicinal herb in the world for more than two thousand years. Inspection of the quality of ginseng was made since many hundred years ago. Ginseng quality has been graded by several methodes, based on saponin contents, number of ginsenosides, shape of root and tissue elaborateness. In present. ginseng products are usually evaluated by saponin contents and number of ginsenosides. On the other hand, fresh and manufactured ginseng roots such as red. white and semi-red ginseng, Taegeuk Sam, are mostly graded by root shape such as root development and skin (epidermis) color, and tissue elaborateness. which is a conventional grading method. However, the root shape grading method has a risk of overlooking real medicinal properties of ginseng. So. both the medicinal ingredients and the conventional grading method should be considered for the proper evaluation of ginseng quality. Therefore, for the establishment of better method in evaluating ginseng quality, the relationships of root shape and useful components are required to be studied.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.801-808
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• 2022

Background: Diesel exhaust particle (DEP) is a harmful kind of particulate matter known to exacerbate pre-existing respiratory diseases. Although their adverse effects on airway pathologies have been widely studied, the mechanistic analysis of signaling pathways and potential targets in reducing DEP-induced mucin secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production remain elusive. We, for the first time, investigated the effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extracts on mucin overproduction and airway inflammation induced by DEP. Methods: The effects of KRG and saponin on DEP-induced expression of MUC5AC and interleukin (IL)-6/8 were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in human airway epithelial NCI-H292 cells. We conducted Western blotting analysis to analyze the associated signaling pathways. To evaluate the effects of saponin treatment on DEP-induced MUC5AC expression and inflammatory cell infiltrations in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and real-time PCR were implemented. Results: The KRG extracts markedly attenuated DEP-induced MUC5AC expression in vitro by inhibiting the TLR4/TRIF/NF-𝛋B pathway. Furthermore, KRG and saponin inhibited DEP-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6/8 production. The in vivo study revealed that saponin blocked DEP-induced inflammation, mucin production and MUC5AC expression. Conclusion: Our study revealed that KRG extracts have inhibitory effects on DEP-induced expression of MUC5AC and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This finding provides novel insights into the mechanism by which saponin alleviates diesel-susceptible airway inflammation, elucidating its potential as a phytotherapeutic agent for inflammatory pathologies of airway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.62-66
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• 2008

Non-saponin gingseng fraction components (NSRG) have been known to have a variety of biological activity. However, the effects of these components on the function of brain cell have not been characterized in detail. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of non-saponin red ginseng components on acrylamide (ACR)-induced suppression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is highly expressed in neuronal cells. The data showed that NSRG blocked the suppression of NCAM expression by ACR in neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH). In addition, NSRG significantly increased NCAM expression in ACR-nontreated neuroblastoma cells. NSRG treatment resulted in the increase of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. We also examined whether NSRG could modulate the NO production of astrocytes. When glioma cells (C6) were treated with various concentrations of NSRG (100-300 ug/ml) in the presence or absence of $IFN-{\gamma}$ for 24 hours, NO production was suppressed in $IFN-{\gamma}-$stimulated C6 cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that treatment of brain cells with NSRG results in the enhancement of proliferation, the suppression of NO production and the protective effect on NCAM expression impaired by ACR. Thus, the present data suggest that NSRG has proliferative and neuroprotective effects and these effects could be useful in neuronal diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate a point of difference in chemical characteristics between normal and inferior Korean red ginseng (Naeback red ginseng=red ginseng with white part of clear boundary in phloem and/or xylem of ginseng body, saengnaeback red ginseng=red ginseng with white part of indistinct boundary). content of total sugar as chemical components of naeback and saengnaeback part from Korean red ginseng were less than that of normal part, and content of reducing sugar in normal and saengnaebakc part showed higher than that of naeback part. But differences in content of total phenolic compounds was not found. The content of crude saponin in normal part was highest, amounts of ginsneoside were about same. The content of constituent amino acid in normal part was about 2 times as compared with those in naeback and saengnaeback part in red ginseng. Among the various amino acids, the contents of arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and alanine of normal and naeback part were higher than others, but in saengnaeback proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonin and glycine etc. were higher. In the total amount of free amino acids, those in normal, naeback and saengnaeback part were about the same one another, and arginine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were major free amino acids.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.81-86
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• 1982

인삼(人蔘)사포닌중의 각(各) ginsenosides를 효과적(效果的)으로 분리(分離) 정량(定量)하기 위하여 carbohydrate analysis column을 사용(使用)한 HPLC로 전형적(典型的)인 용매(溶媒) system인 acetonitrile/water의 혼합비율(混合比率)을 80/20에서 94/6까지 조정(調整)하여 retention time과 분리능(分離能)과의 관계(關係)를 비교실험(比較試驗)하였고 또 n-butanol의 첨가효과(添加效果)도 조사(調査)하였다. 기본구조(基本構造)가 다른 diol saponin과 triol saponin을 같은 mobile phase로 만족하게 분리정량(分離定量)하기는 어렵다. 따라서 diol saponin은 acetonitrile/water system(80/20), trol saponin은 acetonitrile/water/n-butanol system(86/14/10)을 mobile phase로 하여 분석(分析)함이 효과적(效果的)이었다. 이 방법(方法)에 따라 백삼(白蔘)과 홍삼(紅蔘)을 정량(定量)한 결과(結果), diol saponin 함량(含量)은 큰 차이(差異)가 없으나 triol saponin 함량(含量)은 홍삼(紅蔘)이 백삼(白蔘)보다 증가(增加)하였다. 특(特)히 PT/PD ratin가 백삼(白蔘)은 0.401인데 비(比)해 홍삼(紅蔘)은 0.561로서 홍삼(紅蔘)이 백삼(白蔘)보다 약 1.4배(倍)나 높았다. 이것이 홍삼(紅蔘)의 생화학적약리효능(生化學的藥理效能)과 깊은 관계(關係)가 있다고 판단(判斷)되며 열처리(熱處理)에 의한 제조공정(製造工程)과 관계(關係)가 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.310-315
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• 1998

The effect of red ginseng saponins (total saponins, Rbl- and Rgl- fraction of saponins) on the induction of $\beta$-galactosidase in yeast, hccharomyces cereuisiae, was investigated to see that ginseng saponins would penetrate the cell membrane and have a function in a nucleus as steroid hormones do. To attain such a kind of purpose, a DNA fragment (685bp) containing GALI promoter was inserted into the sites of EcoRl and BamHl of polylinker region, upstream of lace gene of the plasmid YEp356 (7.966 Kb), and thus the resulting plasmid pGALl-lacZ is supposed to express $\beta$- galactosidase only in the presence of galactose. The plasmid pGALl -lacZ was introduced into yeast, Ky106 (a leu2 ura3 his3 trp 1 Iys2), and the growth of the transformed cells was much slower in the presence of galactose than glucose. The effects of saponins on the specific activity of P-galactosidase from transformed yeast cells were detected. No significant increase was observed in case of total saponins, but the Rbl- or Rgl- fraction of saponins gave much higher increase in the activity. Maximum increase was observed as 35% in 10-3% of Rbl and as 75% in 10-1% of Rgl. These data suggest that ginseng saponins might be able to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription. However, further studies to find out the putative saponin receptor are needed to confirm this possibility. Key words : Red ginseng saponin, $\beta$-galactosidase induction, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2012

Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng Meyer, has been used frequently in traditional oriental medicine and is popular globally. Ginsenosides, which are the saponins in ginseng, are the major components having pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-diabetic and anti-tumor activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng(TSKRG) on thrombin-produced thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$), an aggregating thrombogenic molecule, and its associated microsomal enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and $TXA_2$ synthase (TXAS). Thrombin (0.5 U/mL) increased $TXA_2$ production up to 169 ng/$10^8$ platelets as compared with control (0.2 ng/$10^8$ platelets). However, TSKRG inhibited potently $TXA_2$ production to the control level in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with the strong inhibition of COX-1 and TXAS activities in platelet microsomes having cytochrome c reductase activity. The results demonstrate TSKRG is a beneficial traditional oriental medicine in platelet-mediated thrombotic diseases via suppression of COX-1 and TXAS to inhibit production of $TXA_2$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2006

본 연구는 TCDD로 급성독성을 유도한 자정 기니픽의 대퇴골 무게감소에 대한 홍삼사포닌의 효과를 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 48 마리의 자성기니픽 ($820{\pm}25\;g$)을 6 군으로 나누어 정상군 (NC), TCDD 단독투여군 (TT), 사포닌 전투여 군 (PE10, 20), 사포닌후투여군 (CE10, 20)으로 나누었다. NC군은 vehicle과 saline 만을 투여하였고, TT군은 TCDD를 단회투여 ($5.0\;{\mu}g$, i.p) 하였다. PE10 및 20군은 TCDD 투여 1 주일 전부터 총 3 주동안 사포닌을 투여 (복강) 하였다. 반면 CE10 및 20군은 TCDD 투여한 직후부터 총 3 주동안 사포닌을 투여 (복강) 하였다. 사포닌 투여군의 체중변화를 살펴보면 TT군은 TCDD 투여후 유의적인 체중감소 현상이 관찰되었으나 PE10, 20 및 CE10, 20 등 사포닌 투여군에서는 TT군에 비해 체중이 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였다 . TCDD 투여는 지정기니픽의 대퇴골 무게를 유의적으로 감소시키는 반면 홍삼사포닌의 투여는 대퇴골 무게감소를 억제하는 경향을 보였다. 대퇴골 무게감소 억제현상은 PE20군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 대퇴골의 $Ca^{2+}$도 TT군은 NC군 대비 약 20.4% 감소하는데 반해 사포닌 투여군은 TT군 대비 $Ca^{2+}$ 함량이 증가되는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 홍삼사포닌은 TCDD에 의해 억제된 기니픽의 대퇴골 내 $Ca^{2+}$ 함량을 증가시킴으로써 대퇴골의 무게감소를 회복시키는 것으로 추론할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2004

자연발생적 고혈압 흰쥐에 STZ로 당뇨를 유발한 고혈압-당뇨 질환모델에서 고려홍삼 조사포닌분획과 비사포닌 분획간의 신장보호 활성을 비교해 보았다. STA 65mg/kg용량을 투여한 후 3일에 네 그룹으로 나누어 본 실험에 임하였다. 신장비대에 대한 저해 활성을 비교해 보았을 때 GTS와 GNS 각각 12, 13% 억제 활성을 나타내었고 두 군간에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편 요 중 요소질소의 배설은 GNS 투여군에서는 69% 증가(p＜0.05)한 반면 GTS 투여군은 31%만이 증가하였다. 혈중 포도당, 콩 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방의 경우는 고혈압-당뇨 대조군과 비교시 홍삼투여군 두군 모두에서 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 반면 oxidative stress를 저해하는 효소인 SOD 활성에 있어서는 GNS투여군에서 대조군에 비해 17%유의하게 상승하는 활성을 보여주었다. 신장비대의 지표인 TGG-$\beta$1, fibronectin그리고 upstream의 MEPK인 p-38, ERK 등의 발현을 그룹간 비교해 본 결과 모든 지표에서 비사포닌 분획이 사포닌 분획에 비해 우수한 억제활성을 나타내었다. TGF-$\beta$1의 mRNA 및 단백질의 발현을 살펴보았을 때 GNS 투여군은 각각 33%, 91% 억제활성을 나타낸 반면 GTS 투여군은 각각 5%, 65% 억제활성을 나타내었다. Fibronectin 단백질의 발현에서도 GNS 투여군은 87% 억제 활성을 나타낸 반면 GTS 투여군은 28% 저해활성을 나타내었다. 본 실험의 결과를 종합해보면 고려홍삼의 신장보호 활성은 사포닌 분획보다는 비사포닌 분획에 함유된 성분에 의해 일어나는 효과가 아닌가 추측된다.