• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.164-179
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• 2002

A survey was conducted to examine the food intake of 285 Korean female students attending a secondary school in Seoul. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency based on the Korean Food Tower which consists of five food groups, i.e., grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets. To describe food intake descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS. The food frequency analysis indicated that the participants ate rice, cabbage kimchi, radish, and soybean/red pepper paste most frequently along with milk, ice cream, tea, and seasonal fruits such as citrus fruits, apples, watermelon, and grapes for snacks. Distributions of the total standardized serving frequency for each food group indicated that approximately 84, 83, 45, 60, and 34%, respectively, of the respondents met the recommended serving frequency for grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets groups(mean servings per day 5.5, 10.6, 5.5, 2.1, 3.5). Income was the only demographic factor that affected food intake, particularly with respect to meat, milk, and fats and sweets(p < .01). In Korea, these food groups are generally more expensive than the other ones. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 164∼179, 2002)

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

Opuntia Ficus has been an epiphyte plant since it was introduced in Cheju island as an ornamental plant two hundred years ago. And now it is grown as many as it is designated to local souvenir No.35. The fruit of this plant contains red-purple sap, which is due to be used in coloring clothes. This study aims at confirmation of use possibility as eco-friendly dyeing stuffs on extract from opuntia ficus fruits and contributing to the practical use of natural dyeing. Thus this study was investigated the dyeability of extract from opuntia ficus fruits on the silk fabric. Antioxidants were used ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, prophyl gallete. After dyeing, K/S and dye fastness were measured. The results were as follows; Maximum absorption band of extract from opuntia ficus fruits was 534.5nm. The appropriate dyeing condition was bath ratio 50:1, dyeing temperature $30^{\circ}C$, dyeing concentration 50%, dyeing time 50min, pH 3,concentration of all antioxidants 3%. Addition of antioxidants brought increase of K/S value. And K/S value and dye fastness had the greatest value when ascorbic acid was added

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic agricultural materials, chitosan and wood vinegar, on the growth and yield of red pepper and soil microflora. In the chitosan treatments, the density of actinomycetes in soils increased, while the density of fungi decreased. Compared with the conventional cultivation, the stem diameter of red pepper was greater in the chitosan or wood vinegar experimental plots at 50 days after transplanting, though there was no difference in chlorophyll content among treatments. The incidence of disease and insect was higher in the treatments of organic agricultural materials than the conventional cultivation, regardless of application frequency. Contents of cations such as Ca and K in leaves and fruits increased by chitosan treatment. In all experimental plots, fruit yield decreased because of diseases and insects. But in chitosan treatment plot with 10 times of application, characteristics of fruits were superior to others and the yield index of red pepper was the highest as 92.4% as compared to the conventional cultivation.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.269-273
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• 2003

A total of 57 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recovered from diseased tissues of Hall's crab apple (Malus haliana), 3 cultivars of edible apple (M. pumila var. dulcissima), red pepper (Capsicum annum), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera) fruits. All isolates showed strong virulence on their own host plants. Isolates from edible apple exhibited high level of cultivar specificity in pathogenicity tests. Ten isolates from apple cultivar 'Fuji' were virulent on 'Jonathan' and 'Rall's Genet'. However, 12 isolates from 'Jonathan' and 'Rall's Genet' were not virulent on 'Fuji'. Among the 24 isolates from red pepper, only seven and two isolates were infective on edible apple and grapevine fruits, respectively. All six isolates from grapevine were only virulent on their own host. These isolates were grouped into five vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), A, B, C, D, and E, by demonstrating heterokaryosis through complementation using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Among them, isolates belong to VCG-A and VCG-D accounted for 24 and 17 isolates； those in VCG-A exhibited wide host range involving Hall's crab apple, all three edible apple cultivars, and red pepper. On the other hand, isolates of VCG-D and VCG-E showed limited host range specific to red pepper and grapevine, respectively. Taken together, the data suggest that among C. gloeosporioides isolates, the concepts of pathotype and/or forma specialis may exist, and that three is a relationship between host specificity and VCG grouping among C. gloeosporioides isolates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-69
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• 2015

Plants and birds have symbiotic relationship as the birds eat the fruits and disperse its seeds from the different places. Because Brown-eared Bulbul eats various fruits, We investigated the fruits consumed by Brown-eared Bulbul and the distribution of these seeds. Surveys were conducted at several area throughout Jeju Island at least twice a month from 2013 to 2014. We identified the fruits consumed by Brown-eared Bulbul through observation, pictures and interviews from the local residents. Results showed that this species consumed fruits from 82 plant species, belonging to 38 plant families. Thirty nine percent(39%) of these plant species belong to the Rosaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Aquifoliaceae and Vitaceae and 33 species were classified as warm-temperate and subtropical plant which is 40% of the total plant species consumed. Two feeding types, which were gulper type and pecking type were observed for the Brown-eared Bulbul. It was also observed that this species preferred eating fruits of gulping type compared to that of pecking type. The average size of the fruits consumed through gulping was $8.92{\pm}3.41mm$ while it was $45.25{\pm}26.67mm$ for the pecker type. This bird species also consumed more fruits with globular shape compared to those of fruits with ellipse shape. For the fruit color, red and black-colored fruits were more preferred than yellow-colored fruits by Brown-eared Bulbul. Eaten frequency varied from 0.04 to 0.58 and the 10 fruits species were eaten frequently by Brown-eared Bulbul. This study would provide information for the role of Brown-eared Bulbul in the ecosystem as a seed dispersal agent.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.227.2-227
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.431-435
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the effect of various LED and UVa light to enhanced coloration of paprika fruits cultivars; 'Special', 'Helsinki'. Immatured paprika fruits were irradiated with red LED, blue LED and UVa lights which were high intensity (red: $50{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, blue: $70{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, UVa: $3{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and low intensity (red: $20{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, blue: $40{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, UVa: $0.25{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). The coloration of 'Special' cultivar was increased the fastest in high intensity UVa light for 2 days after treatment. There were no significantly difference among treatments except the low intensity UVa light. The coloration of 'Helsinki' was increased the fastest in blue LED light, and followed by red LED light and UVa light for 2 days after treatment. The $a^*/b^*$ value of 'Special' and $b^*$ value of 'Helsinki' that indicated the paprika fruit coloration were generally higher high intensity LED and UVa lights than low intensity LED and UVa lights. We couldn't find out any significantly different coloration effect among all treatments in final days of coloration. and rather than UVa treatment fruit shrunk the surface of paprika fruits.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.1 s.142
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• pp.9-13
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• 2006

Seasonal occurrence of thrips and its damage on fruits were studied at in open field red pepper in Jeonbuk Province. The kind of thrips were Franklinella occidentalis and F. intonsa. The ratio of F. occidentalis was about 30% in periods of survey. Density of thrips increased in late May and showed peak occurrence in early to middle July. The peak occurrence of thrips was appeared at 4 pentad June, 2 pentad July, 3 pentad August, and 4 pentad September. The part of fruit damaged by thrips became discolored and roughed. When turned red, the colors of damaged parts changed from dark brown to yellowish brown. As a result, damage fruits by thrips decreased marketability. The percent of damaged fruits was highest in Imsil at 20.8% in early August. Density of thrips on flowers was highest in middle July.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.615-620
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• 2006

Changes in chemical components caused by the degree of ripening and harvesting factors in Korean single-harvested peppers (SR211 vs. SR213 varieties) were analyzed. The ASTA color values of SR211 and SR213 were 104.23 and 189.66, respectively. Capsaicinoids contents of red, mixed, and green peppers of SR211 were 174.89, 157.00, and 192.01 mg/100 g, respectively. However, those in SR213 contanined <5 mg/100 g. Free sugar contents of red, mixed, and green fruits were 15.99%, 14.85%, and 8.03% in SR211 and 21.44%, 19.43%, and 8.10% in SR213, respectively, and those in SR211 and SR213 increased positively with the degree of ripening. L-ascorbic acids contents of red, mixed and green fruits were 11.41, 11.04, and 6.71 mg/g in SR211, respectively and 7.47, 7.16, and 3.66 mg/g in SR213, respectively and those in SR211 and SR213 increased positively with the degree of ripening. Changes in ASTA color values, capsaicinoids and free sugars in two varieties were monitored for 3 years. The characteristics of pungency and high redness were maintained in two varieties. Most notably, capsaicinoid contents of SR211 harvested in 2004 were above 250 mg/100 g in both red and green fruits.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.758-763
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• 1997

Fresh jujubes (Zizyphus jujuba Miller) of whitish green and red ripe maturities were stored at 5 different temperatures, and quality changes through the storage were measured to find an optimal storage condition. Respiration rates and their temperature dependences for both maturities were not different from each other, which suggested non-climacteric pattern of postharvest respiration. Red ripe fruits showed heavier weight and higher content in soluble solid and ascrobic acid compared with whitish green mature fruits. Through the storage of jujubes in perforated packages tissue softening and decay were main visual quality deteriorations with the former preceding the latter. The whitish green mature jujubes showed slower rate of quality changes in softening and decay than red ripe ones, and are thus more suitable for long term storage. In the storage, the whitish green fruits changed into red color, and showed increase in soluble solid and decrease in acidity and ascorbic acid content. Storing the jujubes at $-2^{\circ}C$ resulted in symptoms of chilling injury, and storing at higher temperatures above $0^{\circ}C$ accelerated the decay and softening. $0^{\circ}C$ was found to be optimal temperature for long term storage, where jujube had the lowest rate of quality changes without chilling injury. Even at optimal temperature of $0^{\circ}C$, however, storage life retaining freshness was only around 40 days which is not enough.