• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 $kg/m^2$) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 $kg/m^2$, p < 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin $B_1$ exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was $74.2\%$ and $60.1\%$ of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were $63.6\%$ and $71.7\%$ of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about $70\%$ of 'age (yr) + 5 g', a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied $17.85\%$. $15.71\%$, and $5.18\%$ of TDF among the boys and $18.02\%$, $16.22\%$, and $6.58\%$ among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of Korean workers with occupational exposure to lead by estimating nutrients and flood intakes so that we can eventually establish the dietary guidelines to be recommended for the lead workers. Food consumption survey was conducted by a 24-hr recall method with 135 lead workers and 50 non-exposed controls. Food intake data were convened into nutrients intake using computer aided nutritional analysis program. Mean daily energy intake and percentage of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of male lead workers were 2138 local and 87% of RDA while those of control were estimated as 2234 kcal and 91% of RDA. Mean daily intakes of nutrients of male lead workers were 78 g (111% RDA) for protein 502 mg (71% RDA) for calcium, 11.7 mg (97% RDA) for iron, 665 $\mu$g R.E (95% RDA) for vitamin A, 1.39 mg (108% RDA) for thiamin, 1.14 mg (77% RDA) for riboflavin, 15 mg N.E (92% RDA) for niacin and 66 mg (94% RDA) for vitamin C. On average, male lead workers showed significantly lower protein, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, niacin and vitamin C intakes than control group while cholesterol intake of the male lead workers was significantly higher than that of control group. Intakes of calcium of male lead workers were Less than 75% RDA meaning that nutritional intake of calcium of male lead workers was insufficient and could possibly result in nutritional deficient. Some food groups such as milk, meat and fish must be strongly suggested to improve nutritional status of lead workers. Continuing nutrition monitoring and appropriate nutrition intervention for lead workers most be conducted further.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.692-698
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• 2006

The voluntary addition of vitamins and minerals to the appropriate foods may help reduce the risks associated with low intakes of these micronutrients, yet the potential of excessive intake, particularly for persons consuming very large amount of foods needs to be addressed. Using the Flynn's model to estimate the level of each vitamins and minerals that can be added safely to foods, maximum levels of fortification to conventional foods per 100 kcal portion were estimated. Critical factors in the Flynn's model included tolerable upper intake level (UL), each micronutrient intake at the $95^{th}$ percentile, the proportion of fortified foods in the diets of individuals, the proportion of foods to which micronutrients could be practically added, and a range of estimates for fractions of foods which might be actually fortified in each nutrient. Food vehicles included all foods except for fresh foods and alcoholic beverages, in general. With fortification of 50% of all potentially fortifiable foods, micrornutrients could be added safely to foods at levels per 100 kcal 1) > 100% Recommended Intake (RI) for vitamin $B_12$, 2) 1,200% RI for vitamin $B_1$ and niacin, 3) 1,000% $B_1$ for vitamins $B_2$ and $B_6$, 4) 400% RI for vitamin E, 5) 30% RI for calcium, 6) 20% RI for folic acid, iron and zinc, 7) 10% RI for manganese, 8) no fortification for magnesium, phosphorous and vitamin A, and 8) further consideration of vitamin D, copper and selenium due to insufficient evidence. Results of this study suggests a wide range of vitamins and minerals that can be added safely to foods in current diets of Koreans.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.388-398
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the consciousness of health status and nutrient intake of farmers in Korea. Eight hundred were surveyed by rural leaders of Rural Development Administration(RDA), composed of 35.1 % male and 64.9% female. Data collection included personal & family situation by Interview method for influencial factors of health status. Food intake was determined by semiquantitative food frequency method with 65 kinds of foods. 32.5% of the subjects were elementary school graduates, younger age groups and males had higher levels of education. Mean family numbers was 4.2 persons. In the concept of disease prevalence, gender difference existed. Liver and heart ailments were frequent in males and waist pain and urinary complaints in females, and schoulder pain and nervesness were frequently prevalent to all farmers. The energy intake of farmers was 2000Kca1/day, 19:16:65 of PFC(protein, fat, and carbohydrate) ratio was approached at recommended composition of energy. But calcium and iron were lower than Korean Recommended Dietary Allowences(KRDA), Vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, and vitamin C were over of KRDA, but riboflavin, pyridoxin, and vitamin I were lower than KRDA. The nutrient intakes of poor health groups were significantly lower than those of healthy. In fatty acid composition, monounsaturated fatty acids(FA) intake was higher than that of saturated FA. The CMI (Cornell Medical Index) and Farmers' syndrome were significantly correlated with personal factors, such as height, number in family, education level, and working level. But the correlation of health status with nutrient intakes were only weakly significant. Depending on the regression analysis, Farmers' syndrome explanation about nutrient intake was low(R2 was only 0.01 more or less), but some nutrients (energy, niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin E, and lipids) could explain this significantly. It was concluded that body complaints of farmers could ameliorate with good nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.540-549
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• 2004

Infants and children with food related Atopic Dermatitis (AD) need extra dietary efforts to maintain optimal nutrition due to food restriction to prevent allergy reactions. However, nutrition ignorance and food faddism make patients even more confused and practice desirable diet more difficult. The objective of this study was to report the AD patients' malnutrition cases in Korea. We report on 2 cases of severe nutritional deficiency caused by consuming macrobiotic diets which avoid processed foods and most animal foods, i.e. one of vegetarian diet. Case 1, a 12-month-old male child, was admitted with severe marasmus. Because of a history of AD, he was started on mixed grain porridge at 3 months without any breast milk or formula feeding. His caloric intake was 66% and protein intake was 69% of the recommended dietary allowance. Patient's height and weight was under 3th percentile. On admission the patient was unable to crawl or roll over. Case 2, a 9-month-old AD female patient, was diagnosed with kwashiorkor and rickets. She was also started on mixed grain porridge at 100 days due to AD. Her caloric intake has been satisfied recommended dietary allowance until 7 months, however, she conducted sauna bath therapy and reduced both energy and protein intake at 8 months. The amount of protein intake for case 2 was higher than recommended dietary allowance, but, sauna therapy and severe AD with intakes of low guality protein may increase patient's protein requirement resulting in kwashiorkor. Case 2 patient's height and weight was on 3th percentile. Both cases showed low intake of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin E and especially very low intake of vitamin B$_{12}$ and vitamin D. Allergy tests for certain foods had not done prior to admission for both cases. They followed the dietary advise operated by macrobiotic diet internet site. In conclusion, AD infants' parents and caregivers should contact a pediatrician trained as a specialist in allergy for accurate diagnosis. For infant patients, breast or formula feeding including hypoallergenic formula should be continued until their one year of age. When certain foods need to be restricted or to follow special diets such as vegetarian diet, consultation with pediatrician and dietitian is needed.d.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1998

In this study, we evaluated the dietary fatty-acid pattern and serum fatty-acid composition of middle school students (total, 355 ; male, 182 ; female, 173), who are vulnerable to excessive and unbalanced food intakes such as fatty acids and energy. In serum lipid levels, total Chol (p<0.05) and HDL-Chol (p<0.001) levels of female students were significantly higher than those of mal, students. The average fat intake was 23-26 energy % which falls in with the current recommendation level (15-25%) for adults. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0 which approaches the recommended ratio, the average range of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 12.0-16.5, which is higher than the presently recommended range of 4 -10. Some of the very high values found in this study were partly explained by the fact that the range of individual variation of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios was very large. Mean daily intake of Chol was 357-361 mg. The n3 fatty acid intake of middle school students was higher in the LFHM (high fish low meat) group than in the LFHM (low fish high meat) group. EPA and DHA intakes appeared to be significantly higher (p<0.01) in the HFLM group than in the LFHM group as expected. Dietary total $\omega$3 fatty acids (p<0.05) and EPA (p<0.01) were also negatively associated with serum AA($\omega$6) levels. Interestingly, energy intakes and dietary SEAs such as 12 : 0 (p<0.05), 14 : 0 (p<0.01) and 16 : 0 (p<0.05) were negatively associated with serum AA ($\omega$6) levels. To lower the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of dietary fatty acids for children, frequent consumption of $\omega$3 series fatty-acid rich foods such as soy bean, bean products and fish is recommended. Detailed guidelines should be developed in recommending balanced food intake and qualitative fat intake for Korean adolescents taking heterogeneous groups into consideration. In accurately evaluating fatty acid intake, it is also necessary to have the fatty acid composition data of all foods consumed in each country.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.101-119
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• 2022

Purpose: This study examined the demographics, health status, dietary habits, energy, nutrient intake, and protein intake based on levels of inclusion of animal food among females in their 20s by using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: The subjects (n = 912) were divided into 4 groups according to the frequency of animal foods consumed which were categorized as meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy products, or other animal-derived foods. Results: The subjects with a lower frequency of animal food intake ate out less frequently. As the frequency of animal food intake decreased, the total energy intake too decreased with higher carbohydrate and lower protein intake ratios. In the low frequency of animal food intake group, a higher proportion of subjects had energy intake below the estimated energy requirement and the intake of protein, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron were below the estimated average requirements. The average protein intake was more than the recommended 45 g in all four groups. However, the lower the frequency of animal food intake, the higher the proportion of people having lower protein intake compared to the recommended intake of 0.91 g per kg body weight. It became apparent that people who do not consume animal foods at all did not meet the recommended levels of protein intake. Thus, people pursuing a vegan diet may be at risk of low protein intake. Conclusion: This study suggests that economic characteristics, dietary habits, energy, and nutrient intake are affected by the frequency of animal food consumed, or in other words, by the degree of vegetable-centered diet. Thus, this study would help improve the perception of vegetarianism, develop individualized dietary guidance and nutrition education programs for people practicing vegan or vegetarian diets to ensure that they have a balanced diet.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

This study was carried to investigate the effects of alcohol intake on the dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of students in university and was observed characteristics of alcohol drinking, smoking, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes of students. The mean of alcohol consumption was 25.7$\pm$21.7g/day and 47.5$\pm$25.8g/day, most high of high alcohol group in the male student than other groups. Smoking were high by increasing of alcohol intake. Most students had dietary problems as skipping meals, eating snack after dinner, high frequency of eating fast and instant food, and eating meals at watching TV or video. The dietary behavior problems in the high alcohol groups showed higher in the female students than the male students. Nutritional knowledge scores was no significantly different by sex and alcohol intake. The intakes of calorie, protein, phosphorous, iron, and niacin in the male students was significantly higher than those of female students. Except for calcium, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C, nutrients were satisfied to the level of Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA). Nutrient intakes was not affected by alcohol intake. But intakes of calorie, protein, phosphorous, and iron were affected by sex and vitamin C intake was affected by sex and alcohol intake.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the association of dietary intake levels with ante-natal depression among pregnant women. Methods: Secondary data analysis was done using Can Pro software (version 3.0) to evaluate the diet intake levels with 24 hour recall diary method with 130 pregnant women visiting a general hospital. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and adjusted logistic regression using the SPSS/WIN program. Results: Whole dietary intake levels of pregnant women were insufficient according to Recommended Nutrient Intake (RI) with the except of phosphorus intake. There were significant differences in RI by gestation period and high risk pregnancies. Non-depressed women showed more intake in niacin (z=1.33, p=.018) and zinc (t=3.99, p=.048) than depressed women did. Niacin was a significant determinant of ante-natal depression (Exp (B)=5.88, p=.47, 95% CI [1.02~23.83]). Conclusion: Dietary intake assessment would be necessary during pregnancies for the screening of ante-natal depression. For ante-natal depression care, a tailored dietary intervention should be applied for women with insufficient nutrient intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.642-655
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the effect of nutrient intake on bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine(L2longrightarrowL4) in 41 postmenopausal women. The BMD of the lumbar spine was positively correlated with caiorie protein animal protein fat animal fat calcium animal calcium milk ad dairy calcium phosphorus iron animal iron vitamin A thiamin animal calcium milk and dairy calcium phosphorus iron animal iron vitamin A thiamin riboflavin niacin and ascorbic acid intake. Postmenopausal wmen of BMD$\geq$100% showed enhanced calorie protein fat calcium phosphrous niacin intake compared women of BMD<100% In the group of calorie protein riboflavin intake$\geq$recommended dietary allowances(RDA) BMD was significantly higher than BMD in the group of these nutrient intakes$\geq$700 mg/d is significantly higher than BMD that of examined using stepwise multiple regression analysis. From this analysis in subjects aged 50~59 years fat intake only in subjects aged 60~69 years niacin intake Ca/P in total subjects fat riboflavin intake were signifiant independent predictors of BMD In the group of menopausal significant independent predictor of BMD This study suggests that dietary calcium is a major constituent affecting lumbar spin BMD in postmenopausal women whose menopausal period is over than 5 years.