• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.518-526
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• 2015

Objectives This study investigated the effect of purified safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linne) and safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L. seed; CS) extract, using hot water and ethanol extract methods , on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3E1 cells.Methods The safflower and safflower seed were extracted with hot water and ethanol. The samples were concentrated by a rotary evaporator and then freeze-dried using a freeze-dryer. The MC3T3E1 cells were propagated and maintained in DMEM (Gibco) containing 10% FBS and a 1% antibiotic antimycotic solution. To induce osteogenic differentiation, the cells were treated for 14 days with DMEM with 10 mM β-glycerophosphate and 50 μM ascorbic acid. Extract doses were confirmed by the results of an MTT assay, and treatment of the extracts was performed in a differentiation medium every two days. The ALP staining and activity were tested after osteogenic differentiation for five days, and after 14 days, osteogenic differentiation was determined by alizarin red S staining. The mRNA expressions of osteogenic-related genes were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR.Results In the results of the MTT assay, all concentrations of safflower extracts had no toxicity in the MC3T3El cells. But in the groups of 100 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml concentrations of safflower seed extracts, the cell viability was significantly reduced by up to 40-50%. So we fixed the treatment concentration of the extract at 50 ng/ml. In the ALP and alizarin red S staining, all extract groups increased osteogenic differentiation compared with the control group. The water-safflower extract group showed the highest mRNA level of Alp, Runx2, and Dlx5 genes. The mRNA level of Ocn, an osteogenic gene related to late-stage differentiation, in the ethanol-safflower extract group increased the mineralization more significantly than in other groups.Conclusions These data suggest that the extract of safflower increases the osteoblastic differentiation activates of MC3T3E1 cells like the extract of safflower seed. The water-extract and ethanol-extract of safflower have effects on different stages of osteogenesis in MC3T3El. Not only safflower seed but also safflower will be useful therapeutic reagents for age-associated chronic diseases such as osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2012

Adenoviruses are an important cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants, young children, and immuno-compromised patients. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of adenoviruses isolated from outpatients with acute respiratory illness in Gyeonggi province of South Korea during 2009-2011. Adenoviruses were detected in 102 of 1,622 (6.3%) specimens by using PCR or real-time PCR with viral specific primers. 76 isolates were obtained from 102 specimens using the A549 cells. Serotypic distributions of isolated adenovirus were analyzed by sequencing of hexon gene. Six different serotypes were identified, which included adenovirus serotypes 1-6. Adenovirus 3 (n=40, 52.6%) was the predominant serotype. The predominant types of adenovirus every year were serotypes 1 and 3 in 2009, serotype 3 in 2010, and serotype 5 in 2011, respectively. Adenoviruses 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 were isolated sporadically throughout the study period. Adenovirus 3 was present both during outbreaks and in sporadic cases. These results indicate that adenovirus 3 played major causative agent of adenovirus outbreaks in Gyeonggi province of South Korea during 2009-2011. Continuous surveillance for specific serotypes of adenovirus that can cause outbreaks is important.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

Differential capacity of the parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (PESCs) is still under controversy and the mechanisms of its neural induction are yet poorly understood. Here we demonstrated neural lineage induction of PESCs by addition of insulin-like growth factor-2 (Igf2), which is an important factor for embryo organ development and a paternally expressed imprinting gene. Murine PESCs were aggregated to embryoid bodies (EBs) by suspension culture under the leukemia inhibitory factor-free condition for 4 days. To test the effect of exogenous Igf2, 30 ng/ml of Igf2 was supplemented to EBs induction medium. Then neural induction was carried out with serum-free medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, and fibronectin complex (ITSFn) for 12 days. Normal murine embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized embryos (ESCs) were used as the control group. Neural potential of differentiated PESCs and ESCs were analyzed by immunofluorescent labeling and real-time PCR assay (Nestin, neural progenitor marker; Tuj1, neuronal cell marker; GFAP, glial cell marker). The differentiated cells from both ESC and PESC showed heterogeneous population of Nestin, Tuj1, and GFAP positive cells. In terms of the level of gene expression, PESC showed 4 times higher level of GFAP expression than ESCs. After exposure to Igf2, the expression level of GFAP decreased both in derivatives of PESCs and ESCs. Interestingly, the expression level of $Tuj1$ increased only in ESCs, not in PESCs. The results show that IGF2 is a positive effector for suppressing over-expressed glial differentiation during neural induction of PESCs and for promoting neuronal differentiation of ESCs, while exogenous Igf2 could not accelerate the neuronal differentiation of PESCs. Although exogenous Igf2 promotes neuronal differentiation of normal ESCs, expression of endogenous $Igf2$ may be critical for initiating neuronal differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. The findings may contribute to understanding of the relationship between imprinting mechanism and neural differentiation and its application to neural tissue repair in the future.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.40-46
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• 2012

In this paper, we describe interactive contents which is used the result of the inputted interface recognizing vision-based body gesture. Because the content uses the imp which is the common culture as the subject in Asia, we can enjoy it with culture familiarity. And also since the player can use their own gesture to fight with the imp in the game, they are naturally absorbed in the game. And the users can choose the multiple endings of the contents in the end of the scenario. In the part of the gesture recognition, KINECT is used to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of each joint of the limb to capture the static pose of the actions. The vision-based 3D human pose recognition technology is used to method for convey human gesture in HCI(Human-Computer Interaction). 2D pose model based recognition method recognizes simple 2D human pose in particular environment On the other hand, 3D pose model which describes 3D human body skeletal structure can recognize more complex 3D pose than 2D pose model in because it can use joint angle and shape information of body part Because gestures can be presented through sequential static poses, we recognize the gestures which are configured poses by using HMM In this paper, we describe the interactive content which is used as input interface by using gesture recognition result. So, we can control the contents using only user's gestures naturally. And we intended to improve the immersion and the interest by using the imp who is used real-time interaction with user.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2018

In the current study, we proposed an optimized brain-computer interface (BCI) which employed blind source separation (BBS) approach to remove noises. Thus motor imagery (MI) signal and steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) signal were easily to be detected due to enhancement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, a combination between MI and SSVEP which is typically can increase the number of commands being generated in the current BCI. To reduce the computational time as well as to bring the BCI closer to real-world applications, the current system utilizes a single-channel EEG signal. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used as the multi-class classification model. We evaluated the performance in term of accuracy between a non-BBS+BCI and BBS+BCI. Results show that the accuracy of the BBS+BCI is achieved $16.15{\pm}5.12%$ higher than that in the non-BBS+BCI by using BBS than non-used on. Overall, the proposed BCI system demonstrate a feasibility to be applied for multi-dimensional control applications with a comparable accuracy.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.1_2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2006

Traditional live video streaming systems support the limited field of view (FOV) of image to the remote users. A server system based on the pan/tilt camera provides a user with wide view by changing the view direction of the camera mechanically. But, when many clients try to access to the server, this system can not offer their own view to every user simultaneously, and moreover it has the delay by camera motion. In order to offer wide views to several users, we propose new streaming system using the panorama image that has wide view. Our system is a kind of implementation of software pan/tilt camera. The server acquires panorama video and sends a part of the video to clients. Then, each client can control their own view. We need the effective way to reduce the average transmission data size and server burden to the compression because generally the full size of panorama video is too big to be served by the real-time streaming. To solve this problem, we propose an strip-based video compression and adaptive transmission of the compressed multiple strip videos. Experimental results show that our system can be adapted quickly to the change of view and the number of clients. Furthermore, proposed method effectively reduce the transmission data.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

The high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) newly installed in KBSI is an advanced transmission electron microscope capable of atomic resolution (${\leq}1.2{\AA}$ point-to-point resolution) together with high titling function (${\pm}60^{\circ}$), which are suitable to do 3-dimensional atomic imaging of a specimen. In addition, the instrument can be controlled by remote operation system, named as 'FasTEM' for the HVEM, which is favorable to overcome some environmental obstacles resulting from the direct operation. The FasTEM remote operation system has been established between the headquarter of KBSI in Daejeon and the Seoul branch. The server system in the headquarter has been connected with a portable client console system in the Seoul branch using an advanced internet resource, 'KOREN' of 155 Mbps grade. Most of the HVEM functions essential to do remote operation are available on the portable client console. The experiment to acquire the high resolution image of [001] Au has been achieved by excellent transmission of control signals and communication with the HVEM. Real-time reaction like direct operation, such as controls of the illumination and projection parameters, acquisition and adjustment of each detector signal, and electrical steering of each motor-driven system has been realized in remote site. It is positively anticipated that the first remote operation of HVEM in conjunction with IT infraengineering plays a important role in constructing the network based e-Science Grid in Korea for national user s facilities.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.821-832
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• 1998

This study investigates the prediction of daily water supply, which is a necessary for the efficient management of water distribution system. Fuzzy neuron, namely artificial intelligence, is a neural network into which fuzzy information is inputted and then processed. In this study, daily water supply was predicted through an adaptive learning method by which a membership function and fuzzy rules were adapted for daily water supply prediction. This study was investigated methods for predicting water supply based on data about the amount of water supplied to the city of Kwangju. For variables choice, four analyses of input data were conducted: correlation analysis, autocorrelation analysis, partial autocorrelation analysis, and cross-correlation analysis. Input variables were (a) the amount of water supplied (b) the mean temperature, and (c)the population of the area supplied with water. Variables were combined in an integrated model. Data of the amount of daily water supply only was modelled and its validity was verified in the case that the meteorological office of weather forecast is not always reliable. Proposed models include accidental cases such as a suspension of water supply. The maximum error rate between the estimation of the model and the actual measurement was 18.35% and the average error was lower than 2.36%. The model is expected to be a real-time estimation of the operational control of water works and water/drain pipes.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.79-99
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• 2016

Supply network of automobile part is addressed with the e-invoices generated at real time. Automobile is composed of 8 modules. Firms which produce these modules are defined as the first outsourcing firm. Brake is the part of power control module and so, brake manufacturing firm is called the second outsourcing firm. In this paper, the third supply networks of brake manufacturing firms is analyzed with e-invoices and social network method. At the node-level, the third outsourcing firms are classified into 3 categories, interator, allocator and hub with respect to their role at the ego-network of each brake manufacturing firm. At the network level, A2, one of 3 brake manufacturing firms have more outsourcing firms and bigger centrality than the other brake manufacturing firms. Intre-firms trade patterns are, also, analyzed by using the degree of trade dedication with respect to the modes of business. It is shown that trade pattern of retail, commodity brokerage firm, rubber and plastic manufacturing firm are hierarchical trade because their degree of trade dedication is almost near to 1.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.704-716
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• 2012

This paper provides a detailed account of pilot testing conducted at South Lake Tahoe (California), the Ddukdo (Seoul) water treatment plant (WTP) and the Bokjung (Seongnam) WTP between February, 2010, and February, 2012. The objectives were first, to characterize the reactions of ozone with hydrogen peroxide (Peroxone) for Han River water following sand filtration, second to determine empirical ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses to remove a taste-and-odor surrogate 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) using an advanced oxidation process (AOP) configuration and third, to determine the optimum dosing configuration to reduce residual ozone to a safe level at the exit of the process. The testing was performed in a real-time plant environment at both low- and high seasonal water temperatures. Experimental results including ozone decomposition rates were dependent on temperature and pH, consistent with data reported by other researchers. MIB in post-sand-filtration water was spiked to 40-50 ng/L, and in all cases, it was reduced to below the specified target level (7 ng/liter) and typically non-detect (ND). It was demonstrated that Peroxone could achieve both MIB removal and low effluent ozone residual at ozone+hydrogen peroxide doses less than those for ozone alone. An empirical predictive model, suitable for use by design engineers and operating personnel and for incorporation in plant control systems was developed. Due to a significant reduction in the ozone reaction/decomposition at low winter temperatures, results demonstrate the hydrogen peroxide can be "pre-conditioned" in order to increase initial reaction rates and achieve lower ozone residuals. Results also indicate the method, location and composition of hydrogen peroxide injection is critical to successful implementation of Peroxone without using excessive chemicals or degrading performance.