• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.483-490
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• 2012

Ready-to-eat chicken breasts were packaged in a multilayer, gas-tight tray with top film and various quality changes were investigated during the 24 wk of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Over the storage period, total aerobes, mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic spore formers, and Clostridium spp. were not detected above 1.0 log CFU/g (detection limit). The residual oxygen ratio in the head space of tray and pH values tended to decrease with storage time, namely from initial values of 5.7% and 6.56 to 3.3% and 6.34 at week 24, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen values increased from 0.52 mg malonaldehyde (MA)/kg and 2.1 mg/100 g initially, to 3.70 mg MA/kg and 39.9 mg/100 g at week 24, respectively. In terms of the change in meat color during storage, the samples showed a slight increasing trend of CIE $a^*$, $b^*$, and ${\Delta}E$ values over the storage period until week 24 (p<0.05). The change in brine color showed a similar trend with meat of which Hunter $b^*$ and ${\Delta}E$ values increased slightly during storage during 24 wk (p<0.05). The values for the transmittance degree of brine in the samples tended to decrease. Moreover, values for the absorbance degree tended to increase with storage time until week 24. The sensory scores for color, texture, odour, and flavour were evaluated below 5.0 (marketability level) after 24 wk of storage. Based on this sensory evaluation, it could be concluded that retorted RTE chicken breast could remain marketable for at least 20 wk at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2010

Instantized thin gruels have been popular to supplement patients who want nutritional, ready-to-eat, and easy-to-use products. In this study, rice-based thin gruels were developed by use of gelatinized rice powder which was manufactured by extrudating rice in a twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, the rice paste from the extruder were dried and ground into fine powder. The gelatinized rice powder was mixed with the powders of various grains, soy beans, nuts, oil seeds, and vegetables to formulate the instantized thin rice gruel with well-balanced nutrients (mixed powder). The mixed powder was granulated to improve reconstitution capability in a fluid bed spray granulator (granulated powder). Lipid and protein contents were higher by 0.9 and 1.9%, respectively, in the granulated powder whereas carbohydrate content was higher by 3.2% in the mixed powder. The calculated dispersibility was 93.7 and 77.0% for the granulated and the mixed powders, respectively. The reconstitution time was 122.3 and 305.3 for the granulated and the mixed powders, respectively. In conclusion, the granulation of the mixed powder improved the dispersibility. This study will be helpful to develop a variety of processed rice products and promote rice process industry.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 2004

A bacteriological survey for 20 large grocery stores (M 1 to M20) in Korea was investigated for one year. The average detection rate of Esherichia coli was $22\%$ (166/763) for 7 kinds of ready-to-eat food through the year, where each grocery store and each type of food showed different detection rates. Eleven grocery stores showed lower detection rates, while 9 grocery stores showed a higher than average rate. Especially, M3 showed a rate that was twice as high as the average and one which was 7 times higher than M14, which had the lowest rate of $6\%$ E. coli detection. The detection rate for each type of food was: $38\%$ (41/109) for Kimbop, $31\%$ (34/109) for vegetable salad, $19\%$ (21/109) for bean-curd, $18\%$ (20/109) for the cooked materials used in making Kimbop, $17\%$ (19/109) for Hoe (sliced raw fish) and Sushi (Japanese vinegared rice delicacies), and $11\%$ (12/109) for cooked pork hock. During the summer, the E. coli detection rate averaged $43\%$ (71/166), which was twice as high as other seasons. Most (89/100) of the food contacting surfaces contained more than the critical limit $(1.3\;log_{10}\;CFU/10cm^2)$ of aerobic viable cell counts (AVC). The $log_{10}$ AVC and $log_{10}$ coliform count (CC) of 218 meat samples (beef, pork, and chicken) ranged between 4.6-7.1 CFU/g and 1.9-6.4 CFU/g, except for 41 meat samples $(19\%)$ which were found to contain no coliform. There was a definite correlation between the $log_{10}$ AVC and $log_{10}$ CC, and the values of $log_{10}$ CC made a more accurate straight than the $log_{10}$ AVC, which are variable. From these results, it is suggested that a detection rating of less than 2.1 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ CC (correspond to 5.0 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ AVC) is the critical point of freshness, and a rating of more than 6.3 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ CC (correspond to 7.0 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ AVC) can be considered an initial spoilage point.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.149-155
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• 2012

Although bacterial outbreaks from ready-to-eat foods such as sprouts have increased, the information on microbial biocontrol by means of sanitizers is limited. Twenty sprouts of red cabbage, baby radish, alfalfa, and broccoli each were collected from the wholesale markets in Seoul. Ethanol and organic acids including acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid were used to control the amount of mesophilic bacteria and Bacillus cereus. Sanitizer mixtures of ethanol and organic acids showed a remarkable reduction of viable counts and, in particular, the sanitizer mixture comprised of 20% ethanol and 1% lactic acid seemed to be best by a reduction of 7~8 log CFU/g on the sprouts after a 10 minute exposure. At the same time, the sanitizer comprised of 20% ethanol and 1% lactic acid showed the same reduction for Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis, with more effect toward the Gram-negative bacteria. Sensory evaluation by texture, browning, off-flavour, and overall acceptability seemed better just after treatment when compared to one day after treatment with the sanitizer. Therefore, the sanitizers of ethanol-organic acid might be an effective means to control the bacterial contamination of sprouts in palce of sodium hypochloric acid.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2009

The objective of this study was investigated to apply the fucoidan and laminarin extract from low-grade Undaria pinnatifida to real food product, a pork patty. Pork patties added with fucoidan and laminarin showed lower lipid oxidation and the inhibition against lipid oxidation was shown to be dependent on the irradiation doses. The Hunter color values of pork patty added with fucoidan increased significantly with an increase of irradiation dose. The hardness profiles of the patties with fucoidan and laminarin was decreased, but the amount of water in the patties was increased. Also, the combination of gamma irradiation and addition of fucoidan and laminarin was shown to be effective for the microbiological control. These results suggested that gamma irradiation and fucoidan and laminarin treatment showed the positive effect on microbial stability and quality of the pork patty.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2010

Although the demand of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods such as Kimbab is growing, large quantities and wide distribution of these foods is difficult due to their short shelf-life, exposed packaging with hygienic risk, and decreased quality at refrigerator temperatures. This study was undertaken to develop preservation and storage methods to extend the shelf-life of RTE rice products using microwave and packaging methods such as vacuum and modified atmosphere packages. RTE rice ball samples inoculated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus cereus were microwave treated for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds. Populations of pathogens on the rice balls were significantly reduced with an increase in treatment time. There were more than 5 log reductions of all pathogens when the samples were microwave treated for 60 seconds. RTE rice balls inoculated with two pathogens (S. aureus and B. cereus) were packaged via air, vacuum, $N_2$ gas, and $CO_2$ gas following microwave treatment for 90 seconds. The initial S. aureus and B. cereus concentration before treatment was 7.60 and 6.59 log CFU/g, and these levels were reduced by 3.37 and 2.18 log CFU/g after microwave treatment. The levels of pathogens were significantly increased during storage time at room temperature. $CO_2$ packaging was the most effective at inhibiting microbial growth among the tested packaging methods. The levels of total mesophilic count, S. aureus and B. cereus after 5 days of storage were 7.7, 8.8 and 9.3 log CFU/g in air packaged samples and 2.4, 3.2 and 8.3 log CFU/g in $CO_2$ gas packaged samples, respectively. However, after 3 days of storage higher levels of B. cereus were observed in all samples, indicating that the samples were not safe to be consumed. Base on these results, microwave treatment and MAP packaging methods using $CO_2$ gas could be used as a potential method for extending the shelf-life of RTE foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.521-524
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• 2016

This study aimed to examine variations in the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked rice in relation to the instrumental parameter conditions. The TPA of four types of ready-to-eat, white rice products was conducted in two levels of compression ratio (30 and 70%) and cross-head speed (0.5 and 1.0 mm/s). The properties of the four rice products significantly or non-significantly differed, depending on the instrumental parameter condition. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering, based on the five TPA properties such as hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and springiness, revealed that clustering of the four rice products varied with the instrumental parameter condition. Additionally, the ratio of adhesiveness to hardness, an index of rice texture quality, showed a variation depending on the two instrumental parameter conditions. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the texture profile, texture-based sample clustering, and the ratio of adhesiveness to hardness vary with the compression ratio and cross-head speed in the TPA.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.135-156
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aim to determine adolescent meal time, which provides the important context of parent-child sharing time. We divided mealtime into family meal and alone meal, and analyzed the time/space context of each meal time as well as the social determinations. Method: We employed adolescents age 10-18 who live with married patents and attends school at the present (n=5,128) from the original data of Korean Time Use Survey. Results: More adolescent were engaged in family meal rather than eating alone in daily bases. However, the trend show difference by day of week and academic grade; family meal are more prevalent in weekends rather than weekdays. As adolescent reaches high school age, the proportion of eating alone beats the proportion of family meal time. Most of the meal occur at home. Having meal outside was relatively scares, especially on weekdays. Tobit and logistic analysis reveal that, on weekday meal, less school hours, more time spent at the private academy, having family leisure event, and long mother's housework hours were positively associated with family meal time. In weekend model, father's education gradient was associated with family meal time, showing higher the father's education level, there were higher chance of having weekend family meal. As for the eating alone, relevant factors were similar with family meal but the directions were the opposite; having family leisure were negatively associated with alone meal, both weekdays and weekend. Long academy hours, meal preparing and leisure alone were positively associated eating alone. Overall, weekday meal time was strongly linked with adolescent daily schedules and time use, while for weekends meal, in both family meal and alone meal, the influence of parent factors were discovered. Conclusion: The results indicates that alone meal and the family meal are not exclusively related but seem to be complementary. Families tend to enjoy family meal yet, there are some necessary situation that adolescent need to be on their own. Increase in ready-made food industries, growing independence of children by age seem partly allow adolescent children to eat alone. Careful attentions may require for monitoring weekends meal situation and the family factor of adolescent in future studies.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine the ranking foods and related foodborne pathogens for the impact of climate change, e.g., increasing temperature, on microbiological food safety. To do this, we developed an impact-ranking model comprising an Excel spreadsheet by using Risk Ranger. Because of a lack of data, input values in this model were determined on the basis of an expert's opinion. These values also were converted to normal distribution, and the developed model was simulated using @RISK. In conclusion, the 5 superior ranking foods and related foodborne pathogens for climate change impact were as follows: ready-to-eat foods (RTE) (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7); bread and rice cakes (S. aureus and Bacillus cereus); meat and egg products (Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, and S. aureus); tofu (bean curds) and jellies (B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, and S. aureus); and fish products (S. aureus, Vibrio spp., and E. coli O157:H7).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2011

Predictive mathematical models were developed for predicting the kinetics of growth of Listeria monocytogenes in smoked salmon, which is the popular ready-to-eat foods in the world, as a function of temperature (4, 10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$). At these storage temperature, the primary growth curve fit well ($r^2$=0.989~0.996) to a Gompertz equation to obtain specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time (LT). The Polynomial model for natural logarithm transformation of the SGR and LT as a function of temperature was obtained by nonlinear regression (Prism, version 4.0, GraphPad Software). Results indicate L. monocytogenes growth was affected by temperature mainly, and SGR model equation is $365.3-31.94^*Temperature+0.6661^*Temperature^{\wedge^2}$ and LT model equation is $0.1162-0.01674^*Temperature+0.0009303^*Temperature{\wedge^2}$. As storage temperature decreased $30^{\circ}C$ to $4^{\circ}C$, SGR decreased and LT increased respectively. Polynomial model was identified as appropriate secondary model for SGR and LT on the basis of most statistical indices such as bias factor (1.01 by SGR, 1.55 by LT) and accuracy factor (1.03 by SGR, 1.58 by LT).