• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.35
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• pp.211-249
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• 2006

This study investigated how many and which articles readers read in daily newspapers. Distinguished from previous research that measured readers' perception of their reading habits, this study picked up readers who read the newspaper in the morning, showed them every article in the newspaper, and asked them whether they read each article. This method enhanced the accuracy of measuring subjects‘ reading behavior. According to the results, 6.2% of the readers read at least half of the articles of the general section in the newspaper. Fewer readers went over the economic section of the newspaper. It was 4.1% of the readers. There were only 1.1% of readers who did not read any article of the general section, but the rate soared to 26.5% for the economic section. Many newspaper readers did not skip the first five pages of the newspaper, however the highest readership pages were found in the national coverage located in the middle of the general section. On the other hand, few readers read the articles on pages covering culture, international issues, and people. Readership of the top stories showed some unexpected results. The top stories of national coverage located in the middle of the general section were read by more readers than the top stories of the front pages. This study also investigated the difference between young and old readers. The readers of twenties and thirties did not read as many top stories on major pages and editorials as the readers of forties and older.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.349-379
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• 2015

In the 1980's opening 79 of the end of 2013, the National Public Library that had been It was 885 its opening remains in effect. Especially in the 2000s after 60% of the whole library, a library erected since the advent of the library is enough to be a significant quantitative expansion. The resulting to make a qualitative aspect of public libraries and increase users' needs for efficient space configuration. IIn particular, the user is to serve the needs of digital reading room and the increase of the cultural training changes after 2000 years ago, and appears as due to the implications of space configuration in an age-appropriate library space off the rate plan is a necessary point. The study in the 1980s-1990s, built public library established since the year 2000 centered on public library mutual comparative analysis of space configuration form. Book reading function was the conservation and highlight 1980-1990s and considered by the side of the users culture area extended since the 2000s, public library takes the difference between the ratio of the area of the facility by the area in which you can meet the standards required and the age.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to observe the realization of pause and breath groups from adult speakers and to examine how gender, generation, and tasks can affect this realization. For this purpose, we analyzed forty-eight male or female speakers. Their generation was divided into two groups: young, old. Task and gender affected both the realization of pause and breath groups. The length of the pause groups was longer in the read speech than in the spontaneous speech and female speech. On the other hand, the length of the breath group was longer in the spontaneous speech and the male speech. In the spontaneous speech, which requires planning, the speaker produced shorter length of pause group. The short sentence length of the reading material influenced the reason for which the length of the breath group was shorter in the reading speech. Gender difference resulted from difference in pause patterns between genders. In the case of the breath groups, the male speaker produced longer duration of pause than the female speaker did, which may be due to difference in lung capacity between genders. On the other hand, generation did not affect either the pause groups or the breath groups. The generation factor only influenced the number of syllables and the eojeols, which can be interpreted as the result of the difference in speech rate between generations.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.257-273
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• 2011

This study aimed to identify the problems by analyzing the actual condition based on the legal requirements among Saemaul mini-libraries in Busan Metropolitan City. The results are like these. There were 154 Saemaul mini-Libraries. Of them, the rate of Small-Libraries which satisfied the requirements of a municipal library to the Library Act was 0%(0) in part of building floor space, 1%(1) in part of a reading room, 40%(59) in part of the data in a library and 31%(45) in the number of books to be supplemented per year. Mini-library which satisfied as the requirements for a small-scale public library was 37%(58) in part of the floor space, 66%(101) in part of a reading room, and 73%(112) in part of data in a library. 50%(77) of the mini-library was open more than 5 days per week. 52% (80) Mini-libraries was open for more than 5 hours per day. mini-library with permanent professionals(librarians) was only 1%(2). Mini-libraries of 99%(152) were non-professional workers(no librarians). For the average budget per year, 81%(127) spent less than 10 million won. 5%(5) received government subsidies. The mini-library of 74%(114) spent less than 5 million won on average for purchasing materials. Most of mini-libraries didn't meet the requirements of small-scale libraries to be private libraries or public libraries. It was also found that mini-libraries had various features on the location.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2017

This article explores the developmental history of TOPIK over the last 20 years and its recent trends. Over the last two decades, TOPIK underwent two major systematic reforms, achieving both quantitative and qualitative growth over the course of its 52 testing sessions. TOPIK has utilized a six-level evaluation system from its inception to the present. The evaluation system was amended from the earlier six-test set - whereby each level corresponded with a separate test (1997~2005: the $1^{st}{\sim}9^{th}$) - to the three-test set (2006~2014: the $10^{th}{\sim}34^{th}$), and finally to the two-test set (2014~present: the $35^{th}{\sim}42^{nd}$). In the earlier exams, abilities in Vocabulary Grammar, Writing, Listening, and Reading were assessed. However, beginning with the $35^{th}$ TOPIK, abilities in Listening, Reading, and Writing (only in TOPIK II) were assessed and the evaluation of the writing section was changed to a task-based process, improving TOPIK into a more qualified analysis of proficiency. Over the last 20 years, the number of countries TOPIK is administered in has greatly increased from 4 to 73 countries, and the annual number of test-takers has also significantly increased from 2,692 to 250,141. The distribution of proficiency levels of the test-takers has shifted over time - initially "Beginner>Intermediate>Advanced" in the earlier exams, to "Intermediate>Advanced>Beginner" after the mid 2000s - as the number of those studying the Korean language for specific purposes and continuing education increased. Test-takers have indicated a shift in their purpose for taking the exam, initially citing "to assess proficiency" and more recently selecting "to study abroad," and this could also correlate with changes in the proportion of test-takers' proficiency level. In general, 85~95% of beginner, 50~65% of intermediate, and 45~60% of advanced test applicants passed the respective proficiency level. To date, no practices have yet been implemented to standardize the difficulty level longitudinally across test sets.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.171-190
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• 2022

This study aims to examine the current status of managing elementary school libraries in Busan and suggest the ways to improve it with the viewpoint of 'the five laws of library science'. The scope of study was set as the elementary school libraries in Busan, and the operation status of 304 elementary school libraries was analyzed. And for in-depth investigation, D elementary school library was examined as a case. The operation status of elementary school libraries in Busan was analyzed with the analysis elements; existence of school library, placement of teacher librarian, library collection, annual use, budget, and library seats for 6 years from 2016 to 2021. As a result, especially the placement rate of full-time teacher librarians was only 10.5%, indicating that the problem of manpower shortage was serious. As case study, the current state of managing D elementary school library was deeply investigated with perspectives of the first law and the third law of library science among Ranganathan's five laws of library science. With the first law, the investigation was divided into the aspects of open-shelf system, library location, library hours, furniture, and staff. With the third law, the investigation was done as the aspects of shelf arrangement, catalog, extended service, book selection. Especially, books with more than 50 copies for the program of reading one book each semester accounted for 4.8% of the total collection, showing the problem of unbalanced collection. As the result of this study, 'expanding the placement of teacher librarians', 'making better reading environment through remodeling', and 'balanced collection development' were suggested as the ways of developing school libraries.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.328-334
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• 2012

Continuous fetal heart beat monitoring has assisted clinicians in assuring fetal well-being during antepartum and intrapartum. Fetal heart rate (FHR) is an important parameter of fetal health during pregnancy. The Doppler ultrasound is one of very useful methods that can non-invasively measure FHR. Although it has been commonly used in clinic, inaccurate heart rate reading has not been completely resolved.. The objective of this study is to improve detection algorithm of FHR from Doppler ultrasound signal with simple method. We modified autocorrelation function to enhance signal periodicity and adopted adaptive window size and shifted for data segment to be analysed. The proposed method was applied to real measured data, and it was verified that beat-to-beat FHR estimation result was comparable with the reference fetal ECG data. This simple and effective method is expected to be implemented in the embedded system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.77-80
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the optimum organic fertilizer rate (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600kg/10a) of worm casting on growth response and yield of Ieol´ radish in Jeiu island. The results obtained were summarized as follows; plant height was getting bigger as organic fertilizer increased from 0 to 500kg/10a and then became smaller at 600kg/10a. But was no significance from 200 to 600kg/10a. Number of leaves, leaf width and root diameter were the same trend with plant height response. Root length was not significantly affected by organic fertilizers. SPAD reading value of leaves increased as increasing of organic fertilizers. Fresh matter yield (top+root) increased significantly 2,949∼4,561kg/10a as fertilizer rate increased from 0 to 200kg/10a, increased 5.096∼5,707kg/10a from 300 to 500kg/10a of fertilizer rate and decreased to 4,873kg/10a at 600kg/10a. Top and root weight were the same trend with fresh matter yield.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.598-607
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the amount of nitrogen (N) top dressing based on the normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) by ground based sensors for leaf perilla under the polyethylene house. Experimental design was the randomized complete block design for five N fertilization levels and conventional fertilization with 3 and 4 replications in Gumsan-gun and Milyang-si field, respectively. Dry weight (DW), concentration of N, and amount of N uptake by leaf perilla as well as NDVIs from sensors were measured monthly. Difference of growth characteristics among treatments in Gumsan field was wider than Milyang. SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter reading explained 43.4% of the variability in N content of leaves in Gumsan field at $150^{th}$ day after seedling (DAS) and 45.9% in Milyang at $239^{th}$ DAS. Indexes of red sensor (RNDVI) and amber sensor (ANDVI) at $172^{th}$ day after seedling (DAS) in Gumsan explained 50% and 57% of the variability in N content of leaves. RNDVI and ANDVI at $31^{th}$ DAS in Milyang explained 60% and 65% of the variability in DW of leaves. Based on the relationship between ANDVI and N application rate, ANDVI at $172^{th}$ DAS in Gumsan explained 57% of the variability in N application rate but non significant relationship in Milyang field. Average sufficiency index (SI) calculated from ratio of each measurement index per maximum index of ANDVI at $172^{th}$ DAS in Gumsan explained 73% of the variability in N application rate. Although the relationship between NDVIs and growth characteristics was various upon growing season, SI by NDVIs of ground based remote sensors at top dressing season was thought to be useful index for recommendation of N top dressing rate of leaf perilla.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.137-157
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to help classifying Sasang Constitution through correlation with sound characteristic. This study was done it under the suppose that Sasang Constitution has correlation with sound spectrogram. The following result were obtained about correlation between sound spectrogram and Sasang Constitution by comparison and analysis 1. Soeumin answered his voice low tone, smooth and quiet in the survey. Soyangin answered his voice high, clear, fast and speaking random. Taeumin answered his voice low, thick and muddy. 2. Taeyangin was significantly slow compared with the others in the time of reading composition. Taeyangin was significantly slow compared with the others in Formant frequency 1. Taeyangin was significantly discriminated from Soeumin in Formant frequency 5. Taeyangin was significantly low compared with the others in Bandwidth 2. Soeumln was significantly low compared with Taeyangin in Pitch Maximum and Pitch Maximum-Pitch Minimum. Taeyangin was significantly high compared with the others in Energy mean. 3. In list of specification, the discrimination rate was higher than that by lists of 13 in the results of Multi-dimensional 4-class minimum-distance. The discrimination rate of three disposition except Soyangin was higher than that of four disposition in the results of One way ANOVA and Analysis of dis crimination in SPSS/PC+. In CART, the estimate rate of Sasang Constitution discrimination was higher than any other method. It is considered that there is a correlation between sound spectrogram and Sasang constitution according to the results. And method of Sasang constitution classification through sound spectrogram analysis can be one method as assistant for the objectification of Sasang constitution classification.