• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.45 no.2 s.142
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

In this study, we describe Korean isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis infected with double-stranded (ds) RNA virus (TVV). One T. vaginalis isolate infected with TVV IH-2 evidenced weak pathogenicity in the mouse assay coupled with the persistent presence of a dsRNA, thereby indicating a hypovirulence effect of dsRNA in T. vaginalis. Cloning and sequence analysis results revealed that the genomic dsRNA of TVV IH-2 was 4,647 bp in length and evidenced a sequence identity of 80% with the previously-described TVV 1-1 and 1-5, but only a 42% identity with TVV 2-1 and 3 isolates. It harbored 2 overlapping open reading frames of the putative capsid protein and dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). As previously observed in the TVV isolates 1-1 and 1-5, a conserved ribosomal slip-page heptamer (CCUUUUU) and its surrounding sequence context within the consensus 14-nt overlap implied the gene expression of a capsid protein-RdRp fusion protein, occurring as the result of a potential ribosomal frameshift event. The phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that the Korean TVV If-2 isolate formed a compact group with TVV 1-1 and 1-5 isolates, which was divergent from TVV 2-1, 3 and other viral isolates classified as members of the Giardiavirus genus.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 2017

The goal of this study is to suggest various improvements and expanding strategies of the public library ecosystem. For this goal, researcher reviewed and analyzed the realistic landscapes and social recognitions about the public library ecosystem as local public goods, and discoursed the basic principles and structural terrain of public library ecosystem based on natural ecosystem. As a result, researcher proposed multifaceted alternatives (ensure library's identity and publicity applying Law of Karma, strengthen librarian's professionalism on the premise of overcoming the Minerva's syndrome, optimize the library service and collection management based on the Pareto principle, reduce reading room and differentiated program through resolution of Halo effect, eliminate usage bias by life cycle based on the Gauss distribution, acceptance of the digital paradigm and use-friendly spatialization that ruminates the Icarus paradox, incorporate small library into public library system through a clear understanding of the Gresham's law, and enforce communication and spread social and cultural value through the practice of the Pompeii paradox).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.316-322
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• 2007

Zinc finger transcription factor genes are a significant fraction of the genes in the vertebrate genome. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a human zinc finger-containing gene, ZNF435, from a fetal brain cDNA library. ZNF435 cDNA is 1290 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 349 amino acids with four C2H2-type zinc fingers at its carboxyl terminus and a SCAN motif at its amino terminus. RT-PCR results showed that ZNF435 was expressed in all tested tissues. A ZNF435-GFP fusion protein was located in the nucleus and the four zinc fingers acted as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). ZNF435 was found to be capable of homo-association, and this effect was independent of its zinc fingers. Furthermore, ZNF435 proved to be a transcription repressor as its overexpression in AD293 cells inhibited the transcriptional activities of AP-1.

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.354-361
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of injection laryngoplasty (IL) with hyaluronic acid in patients with vocal fold paralysis (VFP). Methods: A total of 50 patients with VFP participated in this study. Pre- and post-IL assessments were performed, which included analyzing the sustained vowel /a/ phonation, and the patient reading 1 Korean sentence from the "Walk" passage that comprised 25 syllables in 10 words. To investigate the effect of IL on vocal fold function, acoustic analysis (acoustic voice quality index, cepstral peak prominence, maximum phonation time, speaking fundamental frequency) was conducted and auditory-perceptual (grade and overall severity), visual judgment (gap), and self-questionnaire (voice handicap index-10) assessments were performed. Results: The patients with VFP showed statistically significant differences between pre-and post-IL assessments for acoustic and auditory-perception, visual judgment, and self-questionnaire assessments. Conclusion: The patients with VFP showed positive change in vocal fold function between pre- and post-IL measurements. The findings showed that IL with hyaluronic acid is an effective method to improve vocal fold function in patients with VFP.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.372-378
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• 2015

Growing crops under different soil textures may affect crop growth and yield because of soil N availability, soil N leaching, and plant N uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of three different soils (sandy loam, loam, and clay loam) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) by subsurface drip fertigation in the greenhouse. Three different soil textures are sandy loam, loam, and clay loam with 3 replications. The dimension of each lysimeter was $1.0m(W){\times}1.5m(L){\times}1.0m(H)$. Cucumber was transplanted on April $8^{th}$ and Aug $16^{th}$ in 2011. The subsurface drip line and tensiometer was installed at 30 and 20 cm soil depth, respectively. An irrigation with $100mg\;NL^{-1}$ concentration was automatically applied when the tensiometer reading was 10 kPa. Volumetric soil water content for cucumber cultivation was the highest in 30 cm soil depth regardless of soil texture and was lowered when soil depth was deeper. The volumetric soil water contents at soil depths of 10, 30, 50, and 70 cm were the highest at clay loam, followed by loam, and sandy loam. The growth of cucumber at the $50^{th}$ day after transplanting was the lowest at sandy loam. Cucumber fruit yields were similar for all three soil textures. The highest amount of water use at sandy loam was observed. Nitrogen and water use efficiencies for cucumber were higher for clay loam, followed by loam and sandy loam, while the amount of N leaching was the greatest under sandy loam, followed by loam, and clay loam. Overall, growing cucumber on either loam or clay loam is better than sandy loam if subsurface drip fertigation is used in the greenhouse.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 2012

To find diapause-related genes, we were performed by differential hybridization with three types of [${\alpha}-^{32}P$]dCTP-labeled total cDNA probes synthesized from diapause-prepared, diapause-maintained and diapause-activated stage of Bombus ignitus queen. Nine individual cDNA clones were found to be differentially expressed in diapause-maintained and diapause-activated stage. Among these clones, BIDC9(BIDC ; Bombus ignitus differentially expressed clone) was analyzed through full-length sequencing and expression pattern analysis. This clone was specifically expressed in the thorax organ. The effect of Juvenile hormone analog(JHA) and $CO_2$ treatment was examined. JHA treatment induced the expression of BIDC9 cDNA clone abruptly after 4 day of treatment. $CO_2$ treatment induced also the clone after 2 day of treatment. BIDC9 cDNA was identified as Bombus ignitus diapause gene contained an open reading frame of 1376 bp encoding 255 amino acids.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-105
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• 2021

If aggrieving consumers or employees cannot prove both substantive and procedural unconscionability, many U.S. state courts will enforce arbitration agreements. Additionally, U.S. courts weigh a variety of factors to determine whether an arbitration agreement is substantively unconscionable. For example, U.S. courts have considered one or a combination of the following factors: (1) the fairness of contractual terms; (2) the severity of contractual terms' deviation from prevailing standards, customs, or practices within a particular industry; (3) the reasonableness of goods-and-services contract prices; (4) the commercial reasonableness of the contract terms; (5) the purpose and effect of the terms and (6) "the allocation of risks between the parties." Further, procedural unconscionability characterized by surprise or lack of knowledge focuses on terms that are deceptively hidden in a mass of contract language, the object of another concealment, or imposed in the circumstances involving haste or high-pressure tactics so that they are not likely to be read or understood. This unconscionability doctrine can be applied to a situation where an alcoholic dementia-afflicted older adult is admitted to a nursing home. At that time, because she had alcoholic dementia, which precluded her reading, comprehending, writing, negotiating, or signing of any legal document, her son, who did not understand the adhesion contract, signed the standardized residential contract and the arbitration agreement.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1061-1070
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• 2019

In the present study, the optimization of poly(${\gamma}$-glutamic acid) (${\gamma}$-PGA) production by Bacillus sp. FBL-2 was studied using a statistical approach. One-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the effect of carbon sources and nitrogen sources on ${\gamma}$-PGA production and was utilized to select the most significant nutrients affecting the yield of ${\gamma}$-PGA. After identifying effective nutrients, response surface methodology with central composite design (CCD) was used to obtain a mathematical model to identify the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients (sucrose, $\text\tiny{L}$-glutamic acid, yeast extract, and citric acid) for improvement of ${\gamma}$-PGA production. The optimum amount of significant medium components appeared to be sucrose 51.73 g/l, $\text\tiny{L}$-glutamic acid 105.30 g/l, yeast extract 13.25 g/l, and citric acid 10.04 g/l. The optimized medium was validated experimentally, and ${\gamma}$-PGA production increased significantly from 3.59 g/l (0.33 g/l/h) to 44.04 g/l (3.67 g/l/h) when strain FBL-2 was cultivated under the optimal medium developed by the statistical approach, as compared to non-optimized medium.

• Atmosphere
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.427-441
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• 2018

This study examines the impact of the urban parameterization scheme and the land cover change on simulated near surface temperature using Unified Model (UM) over the Seoul metropolitan area. We perform four simulations by varying the land cover and the urban parameterization scheme, and then compare the model results with 46 AWS observation data from 2 to 9 August 2016. Four simulations were performed with different combination of two urban parameterization schemes and two land cover data. Two schemes are Best scheme and MORUSES (Met Office Reading Urban Surface Exchange Scheme) and two land cover data are IGBP (International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme) and EGIS (Environmental Geographic information service) land cover data. When land use data change from IGBP to EGIS, urban ratio over the study area increased by 15.9%. The results of the study showed that the higher change in urban fraction between IGBP and EGIS, the higher the improvement in temperature performance, and the higher the urban fraction, the higher the effect of improving temperature performance of the urban parameterization scheme. 1.5-m temperature increased rapidly during the early morning due to increase of sensible heat flux in EXP2 compared to CTL. The MORUSES with EGIS (EXP3) provided best agreement with observations and represents a reasonable option for simulating the near surface temperature of urban area.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.97-102
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• 2019

Background: Dose rate meters are the most widely used, and perhaps one of the most important tools for the measurement of ionising radiation. They are often the first, or only, device available to a user for an instant check of radiation dose at a certain location. Throughout the world, radiation safety practices rely strongly on the output of these dose rate meters. But how well do we know the quality of their output? Materials and Methods: This review is based on the measurements 1,158 commercially available dose rate meters of 116 different makes and models. Expected versus the displayed dose patterns and consistency was checked at various dose rates between $5{\mu}Gy{\cdot}h^{-1}$ and $2mGy{\cdot}h^{-1}$. Samples of these meters were then selected for further investigation and were exposed to radiation sources covering photon energies from 50 keV to 1.5 MeV. The effect of detector orientation on its reading was also investigated. Rather than focusing on the angular response distribution that is often reported by the manufacturer of the device, this study focussed on the design ergonomics i.e. the angles that the operator will realistically use to measure a dose rate. Results and Discussion: This review shows the scope and boundaries of the ionising radiation dose rate estimations that are made using commonly available meters. Observations showed both inter and intra make and model variations, occasional cases of instrument failure, instrument walk away, and erroneous response. Conclusion: The results indicate the significance of selecting and maintaining suitable monitors for specific applications in radiation safety.