• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2000

This study was conducted to compare probiotic activities and physiological functions of Bifidobacterium longum Mk-G7 with weveral commercial and type strains of bifidobacteria. bif. longum MK-G7 showed the highest acid tolerance against HCl and acetic acid, whereas bif. infantis Y-1 showed the lowest acid tolerance and more than 4 log cycles of viable cell count decreased due to acid injuty. Viable cell counts of bifidobacteria strains decreased more than 1.5 log cycles owing to oxygen toxicity, with the exception of Bif. longum MK-G7, Bif. infantis Y-2, Bif. longum Y-3, Bif. longum Y-6, and Bif. longum RD-13 showed the highest bile tolerance, whereas Bif. longum MK-G7 showed a medium level of bile tolerance. Only Bif. longum MK-G7 howed much higher antibiotic resistance against both tetracycline and penicillin-G in the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) level of 24.8 mg/I and 0.52mg/I, respectively. Bif longum Y-6, and Bif. bifidum ATCC 29539 showed more than 80% of anti-mutagenicity against NQO(4-nitroquinolinel-oxide). Since the production of cytokines such as $TNF(tumor necrosis factor)-{\alpha}$ and IL (interleukin)-6, and NO(nitric oxide) in the macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells increased as Bif. longum MK-G7 cell concentration increased, ti was suggested that Bif. longum MK-G7 is able to enhance immunopotentiating activity in vitro. When freeze-dred Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to mice at the dose of 1,2,4, and 6 g/kg of body weight, all of the mice survived in all feeding groups, proving the GRAS(generally recognized as safe) status of Bif. longum MK-G7. When fermented milk containing Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to human volunteers, viable cell count of total bifidobacteria and anaerobes in the feces increased up to 0.5 log cycles more than before the administration. In particular, Bif. logum MK-G7 ingibited the growth of Bacteroides at the level of 1.0-1.5 log cycles.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng, which is widely used in functional foods and as an herbal medicine, has been reported to reduce the proliferation of prostate cancer cells by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the changes in ginsenoside content in ginseng after treatment with a microwave-irradiation thermal process and to verify the anticancer effects of the extracts. To confirm the anticancer effect of microwave-irradiated processed ginseng (MG), it was tested in three human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells). Involvements of apoptosis and autophagy were assessed using Western blotting. Results: After microwave treatment, the content of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in the extracts decreased, whereas the content of ginsenosides 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased. Antiproliferation results for the human cancer cell lines treated with ginseng extracts indicate that PC-3 cells treated with MG showed the highest activity with an half maximal inhibitory concentration of $48{\mu}g/mL$. We also showed that MG suppresses the growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts in athymic nude mice as an in vivo model. This growth suppression by MG is associated with the inductions of cell death and autophagy. Conclusion: Therefore, heat processing by microwave irradiation is a useful method to enhance the anticancer effect of ginseng by increasing the content of ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2012

본 연구는 황련, 감초, 오미자 그리고 산수유 한약재 복합추출물의 $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7에 대한 항균효과와, 한약재 복합추출물과 염소산나트륨 합제의 $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7 감염 마우스에 대한 항균효과를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 한약재 복합추출물, CGSC10을 이용하여 $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7에 대한 항균효과 확인 시험을 수행한 결과, CGSC10 5, 10, 그리고 20%를 첨가한 배지에서 30시간 동안 배양한 후, $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7의 성장이 각각 34.7, 60.2, 그리고 76.4% 억제되는 효과가 관찰되었다. 또한, $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7을 감염시킨 마우스에 CGSC10, 염소산나트륨, 그리고 CGSC10와 염소산나트륨 합제(CGSCS10)를 음용수를 통해 투여한 결과, 투여 3일째부터, 모든 투여군에서 대조군과 비교하여 $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7의 균수가 유의성 있게 감소하였으며($p$ < 0.001), 투여 7일째에는, 10% CGSC10, 15mM 염소산나트륨, 그리고 CGSCS10을 투여한 군에서 대조군과 비교하여 $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7의 균수가 각각 27.1, 67.7, 그리고 83.3% 정도 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과로부터, CGSCS10을 $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7에 감염된 마우스에 음수로 투여할 경우, 감염증상을 완화 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2017

Electrical stimulation through retinal prosthesis elicits both short and long-latency retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spikes. Because the short-latency RGC spike is usually obscured by electrical stimulus artifact, it is very important to isolate spike from stimulus artifact. Previously, we showed that topographic prominence (TP) discriminator based algorithm is valid and useful for artifact subtraction. In this study, we compared the performance of forward backward (FB) filter only vs. TP-adopted FB filter for artifact subtraction. From the extracted retinae of rd1 mice, we recorded RGC spikes with $8{\times}8$ multielectrode array (MEA). The recorded signals were classified into four groups by distances between the stimulation and recording electrodes on MEA (200-400, 400-600, 600-800, $800-1000{\mu}m$). Fifty cathodic phase-$1^{st}$ biphasic current pulses (duration $500{\mu}s$, intensity 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, $60{\mu}A$) were applied at every 1 sec. We compared false positive error and false negative error in FB filter and TP-adopted FB filter. By implementing TP-adopted FB filter, short-latency spike can be detected better regarding sensitivity and specificity for detecting spikes regardless of the strength of stimulus and the distance between stimulus and recording electrodes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 생쥐(ICR)에서 고지방식이 및 만성알코올 섭취 시 황금 열수추출물이 면역지표에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 실험동물의 체중은 사육기간이 지남에 따라 증가하였으며 각 군 간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 섭취한 총칼로리와 식이효율은 고지방식이와 알코올 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 혈청 Ig A 농도는 고지방식이와 알코올 섭취군에서 가장 높았으며 황금 열수추출물에 의한 효과는 볼 수 없었다. 혈청 Ig E 농도는 고지방식이와 알코올 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았으며 황금 열수추출물이 알코올의 영향을 경감시켰다. 그러나 식이에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았다. 혈청 TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\gamma$, IL-$1{\beta}$는 군 간에 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 비장 임파구 배양 상층 중 Ig A는 고지방식이+알코올+황금 열수추출물 섭취군과 고지방식이+알코올 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 비장 임파구 배양 상층액 Ig E 농도는 일반식이군과 고지방식이+알코올+황금 열수추출물 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 비장 임파구 배양 상층의 TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\gamma$는 고지방식이+알코올 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았다. IL-$1{\beta}$는 고지방식이+알코올 섭취군과 고지방식이+알코올+황금 열수추출물 섭취군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈청 cytokine과 달리 Con A로 자극한 비장 임파구 배양 상층액에서 cytokine의 분비 변화는 알코올과 고지방식이 섭취가 잠재적인 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 생쥐에서 알코올 및 고지방 섭취가 immunoglobulin(Ig A, Ig E)과 proimflammatory cytokine(TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\gamma$)을 증가시키는 부정적인 역할 하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 황금 열수추출물이 이를 개선하는 효과를 보였다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1997

홍삼사포닌분획의 항불안작용의 양상을 검색하고자 사포닌분획을 사용하여 실험 동물에서 항불안작용을 검색하고 이들의 작용을 benzodiazepine의 대표적 약물인 diazepam의 효과와 비교하여 보았다. 실험동물에서 항불안효과의 검정을 위하여 생쥐에게 각각 상이 한 단일성분 함량을 지닌 여러분획들을 투여 후 elevated plus maze법을 사용하여 항불안효과를 비교, 관찰하였다. 실험결과 홍삼 ginsenoside Rg1, Rf 및 Re 등의 함량이 보다 높은 TSI 분획에서 항불안 효과를 관찰하였다. 중추신경계에 작용하여 진정효과를 나타내는 약물 중 특히 항불안제의 작용에 관여하는 신경전달물질 수용체로 현재까지 가장 주목을 받고 있는 것은 GABA A-benzodiazepine 수용체-chloride통로 복합체에 있는 benzodiazepine 수용체이다. 본 실험결과 관찰한 홍삼 사포닌의 항불안작용의 기전 규명을 위한 접근방법으로 홍삼 사포닌의 benzodiazepine 수용체에 대한 수용체 결합력을 관찰하고자, 흰쥐의 대뇌 피질을 검체로 하여 benzodiazepine 수용체에 대한 [$^3H$] Ro15-1788 결합 실험을 실시하였다. 홍삼 사포닌 분획들은 benzodiazpine 수용체에 결합하는 반응성을 보였으며, ginsenoside Rb, Re 및 Rd등의 함량이 높은 TSIV 분획이 가장 높은 결합력을 나타내었는데, 이 분획에서는 항불안 작용을 관찰할 수 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 홍삼사포닌은 항불안작용을 나타내었으며, 이 항불안작용과 benzodiazepine 수용체에 대한 결합력과의 연관성은 관찰되지 않았다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity potential and mechanisms of action of Rhizoma Atractylodis(RA) herbal acupuncture in high fat diet- induced obese ICR mice. Methods : Sample solutions for herbal acupuncture were prepared from the Rhizoma Atractylodis water extract powder at concentration of 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg with distilled water. Five week-old ICR mice acclimatized to the laboratory environment for 1 week were allocated into four groups: regular diet group (RD), high fat diet group(HFD), groups fed HFD with 150mg/kg RA herbal acupuncture treatment (RAE 150) and with 300mg/kg RA herbal acupuncture treatment(RAE 300). Herbal acupuncture groups were injected with either 150mg/kg or 300mg/kg of Rhizoma Atractylodis(RA) subcutaneously onto both Sinsu($BL_{23}$) alternately on the same time everyday for 30days. Body weight, gross appearance of epididymal fat area, blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance(HOMA-IR), non-esterified fatty acid, cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, histological analysis of white adipose tissue, gene expression responsible for adipocyte differentiation and AMPK activation were analyzed. Results : RA herbal acupuncture inhibited the development of weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, increases of AST and ALT, and the enlargement of fat cell size induced by HFD. Also, RA herbal acupuncture inhibited the expression of PPAR-${\gamma}$, C/$EBP{\alpha}$, aP2, LPL, FAS, SCD-1 and enhanced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Conclusions : The results of this study demonstrate that RA herbal acupuncture can exert the anti-obesity effect and it is partially mediated by activation of AMPK and inhibition of the gene expressions responsible for adipocyte differentiation. Further studies will be required to ascertain the nti-obesity effect and mechanisms of action of RA herbal acupuncture in animal models and human for aclinical application.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1197-1203
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• 2015

살모넬라 타이피무리움 JOL389와 χ3339는 마우스에 강한 독력을 가진 균주들이며, χ8554는 χ3339로부터 유도되었다. 고스트 카세트를 운반하는 플라스미드 pMMP184가 제조된 후에, BALB/c 마우스의 구강 경로를 경유하여 투여되었다. 총 IgG의 함량 변화는 χ8554 고스트 세포의 부스팅으로 발현 함량이 낮게 나타났지만, 3차 접종의 2주 경과 후, 6주차에서 증가되는 양상을 보였다. 그러나, 혼합 백신 그룹인 JOL389/χ8554 그룹에서는 총 IgG의 함량이 일차 접종 후 2주차부터 상승되는 경향을 보였고, 추가접종이 진행되므로써 많은 상승 폭을 나타내었다. 총 IgG의 함량은 백신 접종 후 10주차에서 χ8554그룹에 비교하여 JOL389/χ8554은 8배 이상 높은 것으로 관찰되었다. IgG1, IgG2a, 분비IgA의 함량은 백신화 후 4주차에서 상승되었다. 독력 살모넬라 타이피무리움 χ3339로 도전실험결과, χ8554 [pMMP184]과 χ8554 [pMMP184]/JOL389은 대조구에 비교하여 50% 이상의 보호효과가 관찰되었다. 이들 결과는 χ8554 [pMMP184]/JOL389은 χ8554 [pMMP184]보다 더 높은 면역 응답을 유도하는 것이 가능한 것으로 추정된다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.147-162
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• 2016

Objectives The objective of this study is to develop a taeeumin animal-experimental model induced lung fibrosis with Bleomycin and evaluate the effect on obesity in this animal-experimental model.Methods The subjects were divided into 3 groups : normal group, high fat diet(HFD) control group, and HFD group administered with bleomycin(n=10 per group). To develop taeeumin animal-experimental model with reduced respiratory metabolism, 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were administered with 0.03ml solution of bleomycin 1U/ml dissolved in distilled water, intratracheal(IT), once. Then, the HFD control group and the experimental group were fed with high fat diet for 6 weeks. Airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR) to methacholine was measured at the 1st and 3rd week after bleomycin was administered. Food intake and body weight were measured at regular time weekly. After the final experiment, blood was gathered by cardiac puncture for bloodchemical examination and organs(liver, fatty tissue) were remoed, weighted, and mRNA was analyzed.Results and Conclusions Through the experiment, it was found that Bleomycin induced Taeeumin animal-experimental models have leptin resistace. In the experimental group administered with Bleomycin, fatty acid synthesizing gene expression increased and energy metabolizing gene expression decreased. As mRNA expression of adiponectin decreased, it was found that Taeeuim animal-experimental model is susceptible to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.860-868
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• 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Kamibokwontonggi-san(KBTS) which has been medicated the patient such as mastitis, mammary tuberculosis. KBTS in RAW264.7 cell inhibited IL-1 ${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 and NOS-II mRNA genes expression in a concentration-dependent manner. KBTS inhibited NO production significantly at 100, 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. KBTS inhibited IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production significantly in serum of acute anti-inflammation-induced mice and the survival rate at the 3rd day on LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia. These results suggest that Kamibokwonntonggi-san (KBTS) can be useful in treating a lot of women diseases caused by inflammation such as mastitis, mammary tuberculosis, pelvic inflammatory disease and pelvic tuberculosis.