• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2016

Plant factories with artificial lights require a large amount of electrical energy for lighting; therefore, enhancement of light use efficiency will decrease the cost of plant production. The objective of this study was to enhance the light use efficiency by using filters to diffuse the light from LED sources in plant factory conditions. The two treatments used diffuse glasses with haze factors of 40% and 80%, and a control without the filter. For each treatment, canopy light distribution was evaluated by a 3-D ray tracing method and canopy photosynthesis was measured with a sealed acrylic chamber. Sixteen lettuces for each treatment were cultivated hydroponically in a plant factory for 28 days after transplanting and their growth was compared. Simulation results showed that the light absorption was concentrated on the upper part of the lettuce canopy in treatments and control. The control showed particularly poor canopy light distribution with hotspots of light intensity; thus the light use efficiency decreased compared to the treatments. Total light absorption was the highest in the control; however, the amount of effective light absorption was higher in treatments than the control, and was highest in treatment using filters with a haze factor of 80%. Canopy photosynthesis and plant growth were significantly higher in all the treatments. In conclusion, application of the diffuse glass filters enhanced the canopy light distribution, photosynthesis, and growth of the plants under LED lighting, resulting in enhanced the light use efficiency in plant factory conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.522-532
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• 2015

In the present study, a tunnel type soundproof wall with partial opening is proposed to reduce the environmental noise caused by railway vehicles traveling on bridges, which affects residents of high-rise apartment buildings; the study also attempts to minimize load due to wind and the weight of the wall. Applying the principles of computational fluid dynamics and structural mechanics, and the ray tracing method, a reduction in noise as well as of the overall weight of the soundproof walls is estimated. Analysis results show that the proposed soundproof wall with a partial opening weighs less, while reducing the wind loading by up to 30%. To prevent direct propagation of sound through openings in the wall, an acoustic louver, which is a type of silencer, could be considered for the opening. In order to achieve a similar noise effect with existing insulation material, the fluid flow and the insulation effect of the acoustic louver are analyzed. As the considered opening is in the range of 30~40% of the total length of the soundproof wall, the noise effect and wind load are reduced by 10dB and 25% respectively. Consequently, opening some part of tunnel type soundproof walls and installing louvers on the wall openings can have the effects of weight-reduction and reduced wind load. If a partial opening is applied with proper sound material application, a gain of an additional 5~10dB of noise reduction can be achieved.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Modeling of artificial targets in Synthetic Aperture radar (SAR) mainly simulates radar signals reflected from the faces and edges of the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) model with a ray-tracing method, and modeling of the clutter on the Earth's surface uses a method of distinguishing types with similar distribution characteristics through statistical analysis of the SAR image itself. In this paper, man-made targets on the surface and background clutter on the terrain are integrated and made into a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud scatterer model, and SAR image were created through computational signal processing. The results of the SAR Stripmap image generation of the actual automobile based SAR radar system and the results analyzed using EM modeling or statistical distribution models are compared with this 3D point cloud scatterer model. The modeling target is selected as an bridge because it has the characteristic of having both water surface and ground terrain around the bridge and is also a target of great interest in both military and civilian use.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2017

In this study, a reverse design of the F-theta lens was proposed for a 2D scanner in remote welding applications. The curvature and distance of the lens were set as variables, and the focal length of the lens was set as the marginal ray height. The ZEMAX commercial software was used to perform a simulation with unlimited iterations for the optimization process. The target value was optimized using the internal Merit function with the weight factors of focal length and spot diameter. The number of lenses was four, and the focal length obtained from the results was 135mm that is slightly less than that of the commercial lens, which is set with a focal length of 185 mm. The calculated spot diameters are $1.3{\mu}m$, $6.2{\mu}m$, and $16.1{\mu}m$ for $0^{\circ}$, $12.5^{\circ}$ and $23^{\circ}$ of incident laser beam, respectively. It is expected that an optimized lens design is possible by performing the reverse design of a lens by the ray tracing method.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.326-354
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• 2014

In this paper, a new green clustering algorithm is proposed to be as a first approach in the framework of an energy efficient strategy for centralized enterprise high-density WLANs. Traditionally, in order to maintain the network coverage, all the APs within the WLAN have to be powered-on. Nevertheless, the new algorithm can power-off a large proportion of APs while the coverage is maintained as its always-on counterpart. The two main components of the new approach are the faster procedure based on K-means and the more accurate procedure based on Evolutionary Algorithm (EA), respectively. The two procedures are processes in parallel for different designed requirements and there is information interaction in between. In order to implement the new algorithm, EA is applied to handle the optimization of multiple objectives. Moreover, we adapt the method for selection and recombination, and then introduce a new operator for mutation. This paper also presents simulations in scenarios modeled with ray-tracing method and FDTD technique, and the results show that about 67% to 90% of energy consumption can be saved while it is able to maintain the original network coverage during periods when few users are online or the traffic load is low.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.494-498
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• 2005

In order to design the aspherical lens, the revisions and the steps of the mathematical method are influenced with a lot of variables. The accuracy of the aspherical lens can be changed by these variables. Besides, to design the aspherical lens, many mathematical functions should be used. To use these mathematical functions is protected by patent administration. Therefore it is very difficult for most of developed countries to use them. This fact has been interrupting not only the development of the technique of a design of the aspherical lens but also the development of the equipments of optics. Because approximate values are used in most of common programs which create the aspherical lens : basically these common programs have variations. Therefore these aspherical lens are not accurate. In the paper, we calculated accurate values by using the refractive index of lens. Based on these data, wee created self-operating design programs. Consequently, our lens is more accurate than the aspherical lens which is created by the common programs influenced with approximate values. The used programs belonging to AutoCAD is Visual LISP.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.1370-1375
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• 2004

This article investigates the heat transfer characteristics in a RTA system for LCD manufacturing and suggests a way to evaluate the quality of a poly-Si film from the thin film optics analysis. The transient and one-dimensional conductive/radiative heat transfer equation considering wave interference effect is solved to predict surface temperatures of thin films. In dealing with radiative heat transfer, a one-dimensional two-flux method is used and the ray tracing method is also utilized to account for the wave interference effects. It is assumed that each interface is assumed diffusive but the spectral radiative properties are included. It is found that the selective heating region exists for various wavelengths and consequently may contribute to heat the poly-Si film. Using the formalism of the characteristic transmission matrix, the lumped structure reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance are calculated and they are compared with experimental data of the poly-Si film during the SPC process via the FE-RTA (Field-Enhanced RTA) technology.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.289-296
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• 2013

A near infrared (NIR) heating system has advantages over the conventional convection-based systems, in terms of heating uniformity and energy efficiency. When it is over-heated during its operation, the radiation lamp gets blackened, and the life of the radiation module becomes severely limited. The heat transfer system in the module is based on a high operating-temperature, and the radiation makes it difficult to analyze in detail the reliability issue, with an experimental approach alone. We developed a numerical heat-transfer model of the NIR heating system. We applied a ray-tracing method on the radiative heat transport, and a finite volume method on the conductive and convective systems, respectively. The cooling performance of the system is presented, based on the energy and flow distributions in the module. The factors that directly affect the module life are analyzed, such as the surface temperatures of the lamp glass and the reflector, and design improvements are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 2013

Concentration errors critically affect the performance of solar concentrator, so their evaluation is important to the concentrated solar power technology. However, the evaluation is very challenging because error sources are various and not easy to measure individually. Therefore, the integrated effect of concentration errors is often more interesting and useful for large-scale applications. In the present work, we analytically investigate and classify various concentration error sources and then explain that the effect of various concentration errors can be represented in terms of a root mean square value of reflector surface slope error. We present an indirect approach to assessing the reflector surface slope error by comparing solar flux measurement data with modeling calculations. We apply the approach for solar furnaces with different thermal capacity and investigate its advantages and disadvantages.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.971-981
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• 2006

As shear-warp volume rendering is the fastest rendering method among the software based approaches, image quality is not good as that of other high-quality rendering methods. In this paper, we propose two methods to improve the image quality of shear-warp volume rendering without sacrificing computational efficiency. First, supersampling is performed in intermediate image space. We propose an efficient method to transform between volume and image coordinates at the arbitrary ratio. Second, we utilize pre-integrated rendering technique for shear-warp rendering. We propose new data structure called overlapped min-max map. Using this structure, empty space leaping can be performed so that we can maintain the rendering speed even though pre-integrated rendering is applied. Consequently, shear-warp rendering can generate high-qualify images comparable to those generated by the ray-casting without degrading speed.