• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.146-159
• /
• 1984

This study was the contrast of the compressive strength, the tensile strength, the reducing ratio and the flow of mortar using dispersing agent and high fluid admix. 1. The admix ratio of chemical admixtures espressing maximum strength appeared the same result high fluid admix SP was 0.6%, the dispersing agents LG and C211 were 0.2%, SK was 0.3%, C376 was 0.5%. But two or three times more than standard quantity made the strength's fast lowness, which influenced bad to wateriness and retard the soli-dification. 2. When proper quantity of chemical admixture was used, the increment of compressive strength was as follows. High fluid admix SP was 40.7% and the average increasing rate of dispersing agents(C211 was 19.5%, LG was 19.1%, C376 was 17.9%) was 18.7% more than normal mortar in the codition of 7 days. Also, in the condition of 28 days, high fluid admix SP was about 24.4% and the average of dispersing agents(LG was 21.1%, C211 was 16.4%, SK was 11.1%, C376 was 7.6%) was 14.1%. 3. When proper quantity of chemical admixture was used, the increment of tensile strength was as follows. High fluid admixture SP was 26.6% and the average increasing agents(SK was 16.0%, C376 was 14.7%, LG was 10%, C211 was 5.8%) was 11.6%. Also, in the condition of 28 days, high fluid admix SP was 16.5% and the average increasing rate of dispersing agents(LG was 19.1%, SK was 10.6%, C211 was 10.1%, C376 was 8.7%) was 12.1%. 4. As for the reducing ratio of each dispersing agent, he flow of mortar was less than the slump of concrete. That is; the reducing ratio of concrete was 15% adding each dispersing agent, but the reducing ratio of mortar was in the range of from 5.8% to 13.5% in 1 : 1 mixture, from 7.6% to 14.2% in 1 : 2, from 9.5% to 18.8% in 1 : 3. 5. The fluidity of each chemical admixture was as follows. High fluid admix SP in the condition of 1: 1 and 1 : 2 showed the best result than other dispersing agent and 1 : 3 showed the same result like other agents. Therefore these good dispersing agents were suitable in the prepact concrete construction using intrusion mortar.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.3642-3654
• /
• 1975

The purpose of this thesis is to derive a unit hydrograph which may be applied to the ungaged watershed area from the relations between directly measurable unitgraph properties such as peak discharge(qp), time to peak discharge (Tp), and lag time (Lg) and watershed characteristics such as river length(L) from the given station to the upstream limits of the watershed area in km, river length from station to centroid of gravity of the watershed area in km (Lca), and main stream slope in meter per km (S). Other procedure based on routing a time-area diagram through catchment storage named Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph(IUH). Dimensionless unitgraph also analysed in brief. The basic data (1969 to 1973) used in these studies are 9 recording level gages and rating curves, 41 rain gages and pluviographs, and 40 observed unitgraphs through the 9 sub watersheds in Nak Oong River basin. The results summarized in these studies are as follows; 1. Time in hour from start of rise to peak rate (Tp) generally occured at the position of 0.3Tb (time base of hydrograph) with some indication of higher values for larger watershed. The base flow is comparelatively higher than the other small watershed area. 2. Te losses from rainfall were divided into initial loss and continuing loss. Initial loss may be defined as that portion of storm rainfall which is intercepted by vegetation, held in deppression storage or infiltrated at a high rate early in the storm and continuing loss is defined as the loss which continues at a constant rate throughout the duration of the storm after the initial loss has been satisfied. Tis continuing loss approximates the nearly constant rate of infiltration (${\Phi}$-index method). The loss rate from this analysis was estimated 50 Per cent to the rainfall excess approximately during the surface runoff occured. 3. Stream slope seems approximate, as is usual, to consider the mainstreamonly, not giving any specific consideration to tributary. It is desirable to develop a single measure of slope that is representative of the who1e stream. The mean slope of channel increment in 1 meter per 200 meters and 1 meter per 1400 meters were defined at Gazang and Jindong respectively. It is considered that the slopes are low slightly in the light of other river studies. Flood concentration rate might slightly be low in the Nak Dong river basin. 4. It found that the watershed lag (Lg, hrs) could be expressed by Lg=0.253 (L.Lca)0.4171 The product L.Lca is a measure of the size and shape of the watershed. For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient for Lg was 0.97 which defined that Lg is closely related with the watershed characteristics, L and Lca. 5. Expression for basin might be expected to take form containing theslope as {{{{ { L}_{g }=0.545 {( { L. { L}_{ca } } over { SQRT {s} } ) }^{0.346 } }}}} For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient for Lg was 0.97 which defined that Lg is closely related with the basin characteristics too. It should be needed to take care of analysis which relating to the mean slopes 6. Peak discharge per unit area of unitgraph for standard duration tr, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was given by qp=10-0.52-0.0184Lg with a indication of lower values for watershed contrary to the higher lag time. For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient qp was 0.998 which defined high sign ificance. The peak discharge of the unitgraph for an area could therefore be expected to take the from Qp=qp. A(㎥/sec). 7. Using the unitgraph parameter Lg, the base length of the unitgraph, in days, was adopted as {{{{ {T}_{b } =0.73+2.073( { { L}_{g } } over {24 } )}}}} with high significant correlation coefficient, 0.92. The constant of the above equation are fixed by the procedure used to separate base flow from direct runoff. 8. The width W75 of the unitgraph at discharge equal to 75 per cent of the peak discharge, in hours and the width W50 at discharge equal to 50 Per cent of the peak discharge in hours, can be estimated from {{{{ { W}_{75 }= { 1.61} over { { q}_{b } ^{1.05 } } }}}} and {{{{ { W}_{50 }= { 2.5} over { { q}_{b } ^{1.05 } } }}}} respectively. This provides supplementary guide for sketching the unitgraph. 9. Above equations define the three factors necessary to construct the unitgraph for duration tr. For the duration tR, the lag is LgR=Lg+0.2(tR-tr) and this modified lag, LgRis used in qp and Tb It the tr happens to be equal to or close to tR, further assume qpR=qp. 10. Triangular hydrograph is a dimensionless unitgraph prepared from the 40 unitgraphs. The equation is shown as {{{{ { q}_{p } = { K.A.Q} over { { T}_{p } } }}}} or {{{{ { q}_{p } = { 0.21A.Q} over { { T}_{p } } }}}} The constant 0.21 is defined to Nak Dong River basin. 11. The base length of the time-area diagram for the IUH routing is {{{{C=0.9 {( { L. { L}_{ca } } over { SQRT { s} } ) }^{1/3 } }}}}. Correlation coefficient for C was 0.983 which defined a high significance. The base length of the T-AD was set to equal the time from the midpoint of rain fall excess to the point of contraflexure. The constant K, derived in this studies is K=8.32+0.0213 {{{{ { L} over { SQRT { s} } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.964. 12. In the light of the results analysed in these studies, average errors in the peak discharge of the Synthetic unitgraph, Triangular unitgraph, and IUH were estimated as 2.2, 7.7 and 6.4 per cent respectively to the peak of observed average unitgraph. Each ordinate of the Synthetic unitgraph was approached closely to the observed one.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.39-74
• /
• 2002

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the growth of the height of children and adolescents. To accelerate growth, velvet antlers are typically used in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of velvet antlers of velvet antlers on bone growth using the cell line of Human Osteosarcoma (Hos), derived from the bone-generating cells essential to bone growth. In order to give certain stress to this Hos, the medium contained 1% FBS was used for culturing for Hos cell instead of 10% in control. In this condition of which the proliferation had been significantly decreased, the ethanol extract of upper part of velvet antlers was added, As a result, the cells proliferation rate was significantly increased. Using Oligonucleotide DNA microarray, comparison and analyses were done to see what kind of specific genes would be differentially expressed. The result showed that as opposed to the control group, the stressed group indicated a decrease in the expressions of 6 kinds of genes such as, Id1, retinoid X receptor(RXRB) and 14-3-3 epsilon, etc. The velvet antler treated group, as opposed to the control group, showed a decreased in the expressions of 8 kinds of genes such as Id1, etc. and an increase in the expressions of 24 kinds of genes. The number of genes that showed differences in the velvet antler treated group compared with the stressed group was 7 the expression of 1 kind of gene was decreased, and the expressions of 6 kinds of genes were increased. Considering the mechanism by which velvet antlers affected the growth of osteoblast through reviewing the functions of these genes, the following results were attained. The constraint in the proliferation of Hos cells resulting from the medium contained 1% FBS seems to be caused by three important factors: 1) the decrease of the expression of 14-3-3 epsilon involved in the signal transduction and metabolism of growth, 2) the decrease of the expression of Id1 gene involved in the metabolism of bone formation, and 3) the decreased of expression of RXRB gene involved in the metabolism of retinoci acid. It is suggested that the improvement of the cell proliferating effects by velvet antler treatment, in stressed condition si mediated by increment of 6 genes particularly 14-3-3 epsilon, RXRB, and IGF2, with are the crucial factors for the cell growth and differentiation, metabolism of retinoic acid and osteoblast proliferation, respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.289-296
• /
• 2014

The pedigree information and race records of 1,000 m finishing time of Jeju race horses at KRA were used to study the effect of amount of pedigree information and parental misidentification on the estimates of genetic parameters. The modified data sets were made at the range of 2.5 to 25% parental misidentifications or loss of parental information of individuals with an increment of 2.5 percent. For each incremental level, 20 randomly replicated data sets were obtained and analyzed by single-trait analysis with a DF-REML(AI) algorithm. As the rate of misidentification increased or the amount of pedigree information decreased, the estimates of fraction of additive genetics variance component gradually decreased almost linearly (p<0.05), while the estimated fractions of error variance and permanent environmental variance components gradually increased for the finishing time. Regression coefficients of the percentage amount of both parents' information loss and incorrect pedigree information on additive genetic variances were -0.079 and -0.114, respectively (p<0.01). The estimate of heritability decreased by 0.92% for one percent loss of both parents' information and 1.39% for one percent increase of both parental misidentifications of progeny (p<0.01). For the consideration of probable incorrect and missing parent information of progeny in this early population of Jeju horses, the estimates of additive genetic parameters would be biased downward about ten percent. This results indicate that the amount of pedigree information loss and misidentification of progeny would severely affect estimates of genetic parameters and would reduce genetic gains for selection in Jeju horse population.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2003

Sclerotia of Grifola umbellata were cultivated by two methods such as burying and root inoculation methods. The sclerotia of G. umbellata produced by the burying method were $6.0{\sim}6.8{\times}3.4{\sim}4.6{\times}1.8{\sim}1.9cm$(Width$\times$Length$\times$Thickness) in size and $17.3{\sim}19.6g$ in weight, respectively. Their increase rate was $1.10{\times}1.12$ times. On the other hand, the sclerotia cultivated by the root inoculation method were $18.3{\sim}31.5{\times}12.5{\sim}26.4{\times}3.1{\sim}3.7cm(W{\times}L{\times}T)$ in size and $219.1{\sim}576.6g$ in weight, respectively. Their growth increment was $11.18{\sim}39.77$ times. The rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea were developed with a high density under fallen leaves layer covering cultivation site, and distributed mainly between soil surface and soil depth of about 10 cm as well as colonized prominently on the inoculated wood logs. Fungal interaction between G. umbellata and A. mellea were observed mainly in the stage of white sclerotium of G. umbellata. The sclerotia of G. umbellata which were developed newly and harvested in the root inoculation method were twined with root hairs of host tree and rhizomorphs of A. mellea. The sclerotia of G. umbellata decomposing root hairs of host tree were confirmed through SEM examination. Physiochemical characteristics of soil in all cultivation sites had no significant differences. Soil pH were in the range of pH $3.98{\sim}4.40$. Organic matters were the range of $17.97{\sim}23.86%$ and moisture contents of soil were $12.00{\sim}18.20%$. Soil temperatures showed $12.9{\sim}13.8^{\circ}C$ in November and $22.0{\sim}23.9^{\circ}C$ in August, respectively. In conclusion, the root inoculation method seems to be a practical method for cultivating sclerotia of G. umbellata due to its many advantages such as simplicity of inoculation process, shortening of cultivation periods and facility of harvest.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.46-60
• /
• 2004

Background : Recently, we have experienced various changes in the healthcare environment. Healthcare organizations are facing a financial crisis due to more competitive relationships among themselves as well with low health insurance fees. The purposes of the current study were: (1) to develop a data warehouse-based system for evaluating and monitoring the case management activities, and (2) to measure and analyze its effects. Methods : In order to collect the data for the study, the database on discharged patients was utilized at a university hospital located in Seoul from June 1, 2002 through December 31, 2002. Initially, a data warehouse was built for the case management system. The case management activities were analyzed using structured methodology to establish the case management system. Results : The findings of this study were as follows: (1) A case management system was developed to make it possible to monitor of healthcare quality and resource utilization. The Case management System included monitoring functions regarding utilization reviews, critical pathways, and clinical indicators. (2) Utilizing the case management system, unplanned readmissions were documented among total discharged patients during two months from November 1, 2002 through December 31, 2002. The unplanned readmission rate was 2.3%(276 patients) in total of 11,960 discharged patients. Among them 81 patients(0.7% of total discharges, 29.3% of unplanned readmission) were readmitted to the same physician in charge under the same diagnosis. No significant differences were found in the demographic variables such as gender and age among the patients. (3) After implementing the case management system, 2.9% of average length of stay reduced. Applying cost-benefit analysis, the 2.9% reduction of length of stay represents net profit of ${\backslash}$ 279,592,000 in the year of 2004. In addition, applying value acceleration analysis, cumulative net benefit of ${\backslash}$ 1,481,000,000 was expected by the year of 2007. Also we were able to expect ${\backslash}$ 247,800,000 of cumulative benefit for the prospective 5 years in value linkage analysis. It represents average ${\backslash}$ 787,700,000 of pure net benefit a year. Conclusion : The value of present study would be not only implementing the knowledge management system into the existing case management activities, but also evaluating its effects and estimating its financial benefits. This study suggested that the case management system would be a supportive tool for monitoring and improving the quality of healthcare, and a cost-effective tool for increment of healthcare organization's financial benefit.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.749-753
• /
• 2012

In present work, anode support for micro-tubular SOFC was fabricated with outer diameter of 3 mm and characterized with microstructure, mechanical properties and gas permeability. The microstructure of surface and cross section of a porous anode support were analyzed by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) image. The gas permeability and the mechanical strength of anode support was measured and analysed by using differential pressure at the flow rates of 50, 100, 150 cc/min. and using universal testing machine respectively. The unit cell composed of NiO-YSZ, YSZ, YSZ-LSM/LSM/LSCF was fabricated and operated with reaction temperature and fuel flow rate and showed maximum power density of $1095mW/cm^2$ on the condition of $800^{\circ}C$. The performance of single cell for micro-tubular SOFC increased with the increasing the reaction temperature due to the decrement of ohmic resistance of cell by the increment of the ionic conductivity of electrolyte through the evaluation of electrochemical impedance analysis for single cell with reaction temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 2014

A lab-scale Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) was applied to treat a primary sludge taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, acidogenic reaction was promoted by operating the ABR with short hydraulic retention time (HRT) to produce sufficient volatile fatty acids (VFA) instead of production of methane. The performance of ABR on the VFA production and total solids reduction was observed with different operating conditions with 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of HRT. Corresponding organic loading rates were 6.7, 3.4, 2.2, and $1.6kgCOD_{cr}/m^3{\cdot}day$. As HRT increased the removal rate of TCOD was also increased (82.5, 84.2, 96.9, and 95.9 % in average for HRT of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively) because the settlement of solids was enhanced in the baffle by the decrease of upflow velocity. At HRT of 2 days the average concentration of VFA in the effluent was measured at $1,306{\pm}552$ mgCOD/L corresponding to 107 % increment as compared to the VFA concentration in the influent. However, as HRT increased VFA concentraiotn was decreased to $143{\pm}552$ mgCOD/L at HRT of 8 days. The reduction rates of total solids were 12.2, 26.5, 24.8, and 43.0 % for HRT of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. As HRT increased the hydrolysis of organic particulate matters in the reactor was enhanced due to the increasing of solids retention time in the baffle zone with low upflow velocity in long HRT condition. Consequently, we found that a primary sludge became a good source of VFA production by the application of ABR process with HRT less than 4 days and the 12-26 % of total solids reduction was expected at these conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.7-18
• /
• 2001

This study represents a first attempt in Korea to develop the simultaneous freight supply-demand model which considers the relationship between freight supply and demand. As the existing study was limited in one area, or the supply and the demand was separated and assumed not to affect each other, this study take it into consideration the fact that the demand affects supply and simultaneously vice versa. This approach allows us to diagnose a policy carried on and helps us to make a resonable alternative for the effectiveness of freight transportation system. To find a relationship between them, we use a method of econometrics. a structural equation theory and two stage least-squares(2SLS) estimation technique, to get rid of bias which involves two successive applications of OLS. Based on the domestic freight data, this study consider as explanatory variables a number of population(P), industry(IN), the amount of production of the mining and manufacturing industries(MMI), the rate of the effectiveness of freight capacity(LE) and the distance of an empty carriage operation(VC). This study describes well the simultaneous process of freight supply-demand system in that the increase of VC from the decrease of VC raises the cargo capacity and cargo capacity also augments VC. By the way. it is analyzed that the increment of VC due to the increase of the cargo capacity is larger than the reduction of VC owing to the increase of the quantify of goods. Therefore an alternative policy is needed in a short and long run point of view. That is to say, to promote the effectiveness of the freight transportation system, a short term supply control and a long run logistic infrastructure are urgent based on the restoration of market economy by successive deregulation. So we are able to conclude that gradual deregulation is more desirable to build effective freight market.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.115-127
• /
• 1998

The digestive tract of the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli composed of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus and ten or eleven pyloric caeca. Pyloric caeca is blind sac of banana shape, and that is originated from pyloric portion of the stomach. The relative length of gut(RLG), that is length of digestive tract to standard length, is about 1.56(n=10). Esophageal muscularis consists of thin outer layer of longitudinal muscle and thick inner layer of circular muscle. Mucosal epithelium consists of columnar epithelium with short microvilli and contains numerous mucous secretory cell. The mucosal folds of the stomach are regular, and the muscularis consists of longitudinal, oblique and circular muscle layer. The chief cell of the gastric gland have a tubular mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula and numerous secretory granules in electron-dense. However, parietal cell contains small mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula and vacuoles in low electron density. Mucosal epithelium of the pyloric caeca and intestine composed of columnar epithelium, goblet cell, rodlet cell and dark cell. Columnar absorptive cell in the pyloric caeca and intestine contains well developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, vesiculated granules in high electron density, pinocytotic vesicles and multivesicular body. Rodlet cell have a well developed cytoplasmic capsule and the endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm. Dark cell showing a high electron density in the cytoplasm and contains well developed mitochondria. Columnar epithelium of the intestine have a well developed intercellular junction and the microvilli which contains actin filament originated from the cytoplasm. Mucosal epithelium of the intestine have a longer microvilli and more abundant goblet cells than in the pyloric caeca.