• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.145-159
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• 2012

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single oral dose toxicity) of Armeniacae Semen (AS), a medicinal herb used for treating constipation and various respiratory diseases, in rats. Methods : In order to observe the $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, AS aqueous extracts were orally administered once to female and male Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight). The mortality, changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of AS extracts, and the organ weights and histopathological findings of principle organs were observed after sacrifice. Results : After single oral treatment of AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, all (5/5; 100%) female and male rats died within 30 minutes after treatment, while no mortalities were observed in the female and male rats treated with 500 mg/kg of AS extract. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ in female and male rats was calculated as 741.95 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, salivation, increases of respiration and heart-beat were observed after AS extract treatment, which were observed in all rats including the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study. In addition, lung congestion was visible in all mortal rats with AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that AS extract ranges in Class III, because the $LD_{50}$ and ALD in both female and male rats were calculated as 741.95 mg/kg and 500~1,000 mg/kg, respectively. However, AS extract should be carefully treated at clinical applications, because salivation, increase of respiration and heart-beat were also observed in the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2013

목적: DTPA-bis-amide (L3) Gd(III) 복합체의 약동학 및 생체내 분포특성을 조사하고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: Sprague-Dawley 쥐의 꼬리정맥을 통하여 0.1 mmol Gd/kg의 DTPA-bis-amide (L3) Gd(III) 복합체를 주사한 후 약동학 및 생체내 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 조직 및 장기 그리고 혈중 Gd 농도를 ICP-AES를 사용하여 정량 측정하였으며 혈중 약동학적 파라미터는 two-compartment 모델을 사용하여 계산하였다. 결과: DTPA-bis-amide (L3) Gd(III) 복합체의 혈중 반감기는 ${\alpha}$-phase의 경우 $2.286{\pm}0.11$ min 그리고 ${\beta}$-phase의 경우 $146.1{\pm}7.5$ min 이었다. 생체내 분포특성은 주요 배설 경로는 신장을 통한 배설이 주요 경로였으며 일부 담도계를 통한 배설이 확인되었다. 또한 Gd(III)의 농도비는 다른 장기에 비해 간과 비장에서 매우 높은 농도를 보였으며 일부 Gd(III)이 정맥주사 후 7일후에 혈액 및 일부 장기에서 매우 소량 검출되었다. 결론: 새로운 조영제인 DTPA-bis-amide (L3) Gd(III) 복합체는 혈중 잔류시간이 상대적으로 길면서도 체내 축적없이 체외로 배출되는 특성을 나타내었다. 따라서 친지질성과 친수성의 균형이 잘 이루어진 가돌리늄 조영제의 합성은 향후 blood pool MRI 조영제로써의 가능성이 매우 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2002년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.168-168
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• 2002

To establish a test protocol for the rodent 20-day thyroid/pubertal assay, flutamide and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were administered to intact male Sprague-Dawley rats from postnatal day 33 for 20 days. Flutamide (1, 5, and 25 mg/kg/day) or DES (10, 20, and 40 ug/kg/day) was given once daily by oral gavage to immature male rats. Prepuce separation was significantly delayed in flutamide group and in DES group. One day after the last dose, the rats were killed and pituitary, thyroid, and reproductive organs were removed and weighed. Flutamide treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the weights of epididymides, ventral prostate, seminal vesicles plus coagulating glands and fluid (SVCGF), levator ani. bulbocarvenus muscles (LABC), Cowper's glands, and glans penis. The weight of adrenal glands decreased at % mg/kg/day, while testes and any other organ weights were unaffected. No microscopic changes were observed in the thyroid glands. Serum levels of testosterone wert significantly increased in the flutamide-treated groups and serum levels of estradiol were also increased. A significant reduction in the weights of testes, epididymides, ventral prostate, SVCGF, LABC, Cowpers glands, and glans penis of DES treated group. Serum testosterone and LH decreased significantly in DES group. Decrease of estradiol was observed, but not significant. These results indicate that flutamide and DES delay puberty in the male rat and its mode of action appears to be via altered secretion of steroids, which subsequently affect the development of the reproductive tract. (Supported by the grant from NITR/Korea FDA for Endocrine Disrupter Research.)

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 1971

放射線照射에 의해서 尿 및 血液內에 다량의 deoxycytidine (CdR)이 流出하는 것을 볼수가 있는데, 이것이 DNA의 合成이나 分解와 어떤 관련성이 있으며, 아울러 어느 臟器의 DNA가 放射線感受性이 큰지의 여부를 밝히기 위해서 400R의 X 線을 흰쥐에 全身照射시켜, 간, 지라 및 흉선을 切除하여 均質化시킨 후, CdR-2-$^14 C$을 써서 DNA의 合成率 및 分解率을 測定하였다. DNA의 合成率은 흉선의 경우, 照射후 1 $\\sim$ 3日에 가장 심한 抑制現象이 나타났으며 5日후 부터는 점차 回復됨을 볼 수 있었고, 한편 간과 지라의 경우는 抑制의 정도가 흉선에 비해서 적었으며 回復도 훨씬 빨리 이루어졌다. DNA의 分解率은 지라와 흉선의 경우 비슷하여서 照射후 1日에 영향이 極大로 나타냈으며 回復도 아주 늦게 일어남을 볼 수 있었는데 반해서, 간의 경우는 分解도 덜 일어났으며 回復도 아주 빨리 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 각종 臟器의 放射線感受性의 차와 再生能의 차에 의해서 나타나는 현상임을 알 수 있고 CdR의 流出量의 增加는 放射線에 의한 DNA合成의 抑制와 DNA分解의 促進의 두가지 요인에 기인하는 것으로 추정되었으며, 전자의 경우는 흉선이, 후자의 경우는 지라와 흉선이 같은 정도의 重要性을 지니고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2004

생태계는 수은의 화학적 형상 및 산업화에 따른 방출로 지속적이면서 다양하게 오염된다. 또한 수은은 화학적 여러 형태로 분류되며 쉽게 기화되는 성질로 인해 수은을 공정하는 과정에서 수많은 근로자들이 쉽게 급성 혹은 만성 중독이 될 수 있다. 그러나 수은의 유독성이 알려져 있기는 하나 생체가 환경에서 노출 가능한 저농도의 수은 영향에 대해서는 정확한 접근이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 실험은 이온화 방사선과 염화수은(II)의 영향을 비교해보고자 수행하였다. 미성숙의 웅성F344 흰쥐의 음용수에 염화수은을 녹여 실험기간 동안 음용시켰으며, 방사선 조사군의 경우는 6.5Gy의 감마선을 전신 조사하여 실험기간 동안 관찰하였다. 실험기간 동안의 체중의 변화량을 대조군과 비교 하였을 때, 염화수은을 처리한 군은 4.9% 증가를 보였으나, 감마선을 조사한 군에서는 14.4% 감소를 보였다. 혈액적 표지 인자들의 농도를 분석하여 각각 비교하였을 때, 염화수은을 처리하였을 때의 결과는 방사선을 전신조사한 것과는 확연히 다른 양상을 나타내었다. 반면 스트레스 호르몬으로 알려진 대표적인 부신피질 호르몬인 cortisol의 혈청내 농도는 대조군에 비해 두 실험군에서 모두 상승하였다. 각 외인성 인자에 의한 세포자연사 양상을 비교하고자 정소와 신장 조직에 대한 역전사중합반응을 실시하였다. Bax mRNA 분자의 발현은 두 실험군의 정소와 신장에서 모두 증가하였으나, Bcl-2 mRNA는 실험군에 따라 혹은 기관에 따라 다른 양상을 보였다. 본 실험의 결과 염화수은(II)은 주대상기관을 신장으로 하여 그 손상 기전은 이온화 방사선의 것과 구별되는 양상을 나타나는 것으로 확인하였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of the Korean raisin (Hovenia dulcis Thunb) extracts and polyherbal extracts consisted of 6 types herbal extracts including HDT (HDTmix) on $CCl_4$ induced organ damages. Extracts were prepared by autoclave ($121^{\circ}C$, 15 psi, 3 hours) and filtered with nylon cloth and filter paper then freezing dried. Male Sprague-Dawley rats $(200^{\circ}{\ae}20g)$ were used as experimental groups, which were divided into 5 groups; intact control group (100 mg/kg), $CCl_4$ dosing group (100 mg/kg), $CCl_4$ dosing after HDT extract dosing group (100 mg/kg), $CCl_4$ dosing after HDTmix dosing group (100 mg/kg), Silymarin dosing group (5 mg/kg) after all test articles were orally dosed once a day for 28 days. They were sacrifiled under ether anesthesia. HDT extracts and HDTmix dramatically inhibits the $CCl_4$ intoxicated hepato/nephropathies with immuno-suppress changes on the spleen. They showed more dramatical protective effects on most of specific organs compared to that of Silymarin 5 mg/kg except for hepatoprotective effects in which, quite similar effects were detected. In addition, HDT extracts showed synergic effects with other types of herbal extracts because HDTmix showed more favorable protective effects on the all specific organs showing $CCl_4-related$ histopathological changes compared to HDT extracts.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2012

Rats were administered zearalenone (ZEA) via gavage at dosages of 0, 1, 5, and 30 mg/kg for 36 days. On treatment day 8, inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine (Vac) was injected intraperitoneally. Antibody production against porcine parvovirus was then measured as a function of ZEA treatment. Compared to the vaccine alone, ZEA treatment, with or without Vac, decreased the serum level of IgG. The level of IgM decreased in all ZEA groups at day 22, but the decrease was sustained only in the medium-dose ZEA group at day 36. The level of IgA was unchanged in the Vac only and ZEA groups at day 22, but was decreased in the 5 mg/kg ZEA plus Vac group compared to the Vac only group at day 36. The level of IgE was decreased by all doses of ZEA at day 22, but was unaffected in ZEA plus Vac groups compared to the Vac only group. The levels of IL-1 in the thymus and spleen; INF-${\gamma}$ in serum; IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 in the thymus; and IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleen decreased after ZEA administration. Furthermore, the levels of IL-$1{\beta}$ in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node, IL-$1{\beta}$ in the thymus, IL-2 in the thymus and spleen, IL-6 in the thymus, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleen, and GM-CSF and TNF-${\alpha}$ in the thymus decreased after vaccination in rats exposed to ZEA. In conclusion, these results suggest that ZEA exposure via drinking water can cause an immunosuppressive effect by decreasing immunoglobulins in serum and cytokines in lymphoid organs.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.224-238
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to confirm the physicochemical property and hazard of thinner (012), which is a diluent of enamel paint used for floor coating for waterproofing and oil painting for the outer wall. The literatures of physicochemical property and hazard of thinner were surveyed and its physicochemical property were evaluated. And then, the inhalation toxicity of thinner affecting the central nervous system and reproductive organs in rats were examined by subchronic (6 h./day. 5 days/ week for 13 weeks) inhalation test. 1) According to the 13-week subchronic inhalation test, there were no significant changes in clinical test and body weight. However, a significant evidence of toxicity was observed in the hematological test and organ weight such as heart, kidney, liver and brain (p<0.01) in the 200 ppm and 1,000 ppm exposure groups in a dose response manner. In the histopathology analysis, there were no significant evidence of toxicity. Therefore, thinner was not classified as an organ targeted toxic agent. In case of Harmfulness, it could be classified as a chronic toxic agent 3($500 ppm/4hr, rat). 2) The reproductive toxicity such as extension of the period of estrous cycle, reduction of serum estradiol concentration and increase of frequency of the abnormal sperm was observed in the 1,000 ppm exposed animals. 3) The result of the physicochemical property of the test material showed that the specific gravity was 0.793, boiling point $155.8^{\circ}C$, steam pressure 2.1 kPa, ignition point $34.5^{\circ}C$, and spontaneous ignition point $280^{\circ}C$. The endothermic and exothermic values were 371.4 J/g and 159.1 J/g. respectively. The explosion limit was 214 mg/l. These data showed that thinner could be classified as an explosion agent level 1.2 and ignitive liquid agent 3 ($23-60^{\circ}C$) according to the notification No. 2008-1 of the Labor Ministry, "Classifying Standard of Chemical Materials."

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2015

Environmental pesticides used for insect control can be transferred from plants to animals even to livestock animals through food chain. Human beings also can be exposed to pesticides by consuming polluted dairy products, including meats, eggs and other milk products. Therefore, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) established Standard for Pesticide Residue Limits in dairy products. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) methods for detecting residual pesticides are relatively well established for fruits and vegetables, however, the methods for meat have not been appropriately studied yet. In the present work, pyraclofos was used as an organophosphate pesticide to examine its tissue residue in experimental animals by QuEChERS methods. For this, pyraclofos (150 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male rats once a day for 2 days. After 6, 12, and 24 hr of the treatment, the tissue residues in liver and femoral muscle of the rats were determined using QuEChERS methods followed by HPLC analyses. In preliminary studies, the recovery rates of spiking samples of pyraclofos demonstrated approximately 109~110% from the tissues. In previous study, pyraclofos tissue residues were observed with significantly high levels in livers and muscles at 6 hr of oral treatment. Then, they were almost completely disappeared after 24 hr of the administration, indicating the orally exposed pyraclofos is rapidly absorbed and distributed to body organs, then quickly excreted from the body with a negligible level of tissue residue. The alterations in blood chemistry as well as the histopathology of heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney have also been investigated in the experimental animals for assessing acute toxic effects of pyraclofos. The obtained blood chemistry indexes (ALT and AST) showed maximum peak values at 12 hr after the oral administration and decreased to the normal levels at 24 hr of the treatment. Histopathologic observation exhibited acute hepatic damages at 24 hr of the treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that QuEChERS method can be adequately optimized for the analysis of pyraclofos residues in animal tissues.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2011

Procymidone is a fungicide with anti-androgenic properties widely used to protect fruits from fungal infection, which induces an excessive reactive oxygen species production in male reproductive organs. In this study, to clarify whether procymidone affect the cellular antioxidant system of prostate at onset of puberty, gene expression patterns of the representative antioxidant enzymes such as cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPx), selenoprotein P (SePP), cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and manganese SOD (SOD2) were investigated in the rat ventral prostates exposed to procymidone using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Seven-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats castrated at 6 weeks old were treated with procymidone (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg per day) orally for 7 consecutive days after testosterone propionate (0.4 mg/kg per day) administration by subcutaneous injection. As compared to normal control animals, GPx1 mRNA expression in prostates significantly increased by the administration with TP and/or procymidone. However, PHGPx and SOD1 mRNA levels significanatly decreased by over 25 mg/kg of procymidone treatment and SePP and SOD2 mRNA levels was significanatly reduced by over 50 mg/kg of procymidone treatment. These findings indicate that procymidone may affect the antioxidant system of prostatic cells in up-regulation mode of GPx1, but in down-regulation modes of PHGPx, SePP, SOD1, and SOD2, suggesting that procymidone may affect differently the cellular antioxidant system of prostate according to the exposure doses.