• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.44-50
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• 1970

This experiment was made in order to observe the change in contents of the total cholesterol, free cholesterol and ester cholesterol in the liver and serum by the feeding of glucose and sucrose. The animals used for the experiment were adult male albino rat from a pure strain, weighing 285-332g. The animals were divided into standard, glucose and sucrose diet groups. The glucose and sucrose diet groups were redivided into 10%, 25% and 40% diet groups. Their liver and serum were used as sample after they were fed with the corresponding diets, respectively, for two months. 1. In the liver, the total cholesterol and ester cholesterol contents in the 40% glucose diet group were significantly increased and the free cholesterol contents in all diets were respectively increased, compared with the standard diet group. 2. In the serum, the total cholesterol contents in both diet groups, the 10% glucose and 10% sucrose, were decreased but the content in the 40% sucrose diet group was increased, compared with the standard diet group. The free cholesterol contents in the 10 and 40% glucose diet and 10% sucrose diet group were decreased, compared with the standard diet group. The ester cholesterol contents in the 10% glucose and 10% sucrose diet groups were decreased but the content in the 40% sucrose diet group was increased, compared with the standard diet group. Being taken into consideration of the above facts it was acquired that the cholesterol contents are affected by the amounts and kinds of dietary carbohydrate when the protein contents in each diet were constant.

• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2012

This study tried to suggest the applicapability of soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise for the replacement theraphy on negative effects to estrogen metabolism in menopause. This study was analyzed the effects of 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise on the changes of body composition, blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and estradiol, estrogen receptor gene expression of liver in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized groups showed the increasing responses of body weight, body fat percentage, and blood concentration of triglycerides, but these groups showed the decreasing responses of blood estradiol level and estrogen receptor gene expression in liver. Ovariectomized groups showed the positive responses of blood concentrations of lipid markers, insulin, estradiol, and estrogen receptor gene expression of liver except bone mineral contents after 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise. I could find the positive effects of 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise on the estrogen and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats, but this study could not confirmed the detailed replacement program of exercise intensity, duration, and soy protein volume for estrogen metabolism in ovariectomized rats.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.303-315
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of resistance training on BMD and bone metabolism related markers in aging rats. Thirty male Spraugue-Daweley rats were divided into sedentary (CON; n=10 ) non-load resistance trained(NLRTG; n=10), and load resistance trained(LRTG; n=10) groups at the age of 64 weeks. The rats in the resistance training groups((NLRTG and LRTG) performed the tower climbing exercise 4 times a week. The LRTG groups were conditioned to climb a vertical ladder with weights appended to their tail 4 days/wk for 12 wks. After 12 weeks of exercise, serum osteocalcin, bone mineral density (BMD), breaking force, ash, Ca, and P in the femur were measured. After training, serum osteocalcin (OC) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in both LRTG and NLRTG when compared to Control. Right femur BMD was significantly (p < 0.05) greater for LRTG when compared to both NLRTG and Control with no significant difference between NLRTG and Conrtol. The breaking force of femur was significantly (p < 0.05) greater for LRTG and NLRTG when compared to Control. The Ash, Ca, content of femur were significantly increased in resistance training groups than control group. These results suggest that the increase in bone mineral density induced by resistance training is mediated by changes in bone microarchitecture as well as training intensity and osteocalcin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.39.1-39.23
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different topical/systemic agents in reducing the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue or cells. Materials and Methods: Electronic searches were performed in July 2023. In vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of different topical or systemic agents on pulp inflammation or cytotoxicity after exposure to bleaching agents were included. The risk of bias was assessed. Results: Out of 1,112 articles, 27 were included. Nine animal studies evaluated remineralizing/anti-inflammatories agents in rat molars subjected to bleaching with 35%-38% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Five of these studies demonstrated a significant reduction in inflammation caused by HP when combined with bioglass or MI Paste Plus (GC America), or following KF-desensitizing or Otosporin treatment (n = 3). However, orally administered drugs did not reduce pulp inflammation (n = 4). Cytotoxicity (n = 17) was primarily assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on human dental pulp cells and mouse dental papilla Cell-23 cells. Certain substances, including sodium ascorbate, butein, manganese chloride, and peroxidase, were found to reduce cytotoxicity, particularly when applied prior to bleaching. The risk of bias was high in animal studies and low in laboratory studies. Conclusions: Few in vivo studies have evaluated agents to reduce the damage caused by bleaching gel to pulp tissue. Within the limitations of these studies, it was found that topical agents were effective in reducing pulp inflammation in animals and cytotoxicity. Further analyses with human pulp are required to substantiate these findings.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.57-63
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• 2023

This study aims to elucidate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid on smooth muscle contraction and to determine the detailed mechanism incorporated. We hypothesized that glycyrrhizic acid played a role in the agonist-sensitive management of smooth muscle contraction. Stripped smooth muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared in organ baths and isometric tensions were converted, stored and analyzed by using isometric transducers, a physiograph and one way ANOVA. Interestingly, glycyrrhizic acid attenuated the thick filament regulating agonist (fluoride or thromboxane mimetic)-sensitive contraction (p=0.113, 0.008, 0.004 (Student's t-test), p=0.113, 0.008, 0.004 (One way ANOVA) at 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mM fluoride, and p=0.156, 0.004, 0.003 (Student's t-test), p=0.156, 0.004, 0.003 (One way ANOVA) at 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mM thromboxane mimetic) and did not attenuate the thin filament regulating agonist (phorbol ester)-induced contraction (p=0.392, 0.086, 0.065 (Student's t-test), p=0.392, 0.086, 0.065 (One way ANOVA) at 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mM phorbol ester). It is suggesting that endothelial EDRF (NO) synthesis and accessory pathways besides endothelial EDRF (NO) synthesis such as ROCK restriction might be incorporated in the glycyrrhizic acid-induced modulation of smooth muscle contraction inhibiting acto-myosin interaction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.337-346
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• 2023

Although wildlife bridge are built as a way to reduce habitat fragmentation caused by road construction, there is still a lot of debate about their effectiveness. Monitoring methods such as footprint traps and camera traps are used evaluate the effectiveness of wildlife bridge, but there is a limit to evaluate of effectiveness. In this study, the degree of use the wildlfe bridge was surveyed by striped field mouse that is likely use the wildlife bridge and surrounding as a habitat with capture-mark-recapture method.(Apodemus agraius). The distance and route of movement were identified by connecting the capture points, and the environmental factors on the use of the wildlife bridge implemented a generalized linear model(GLM) with the capture number of captured as a dependent variable. Consequently of capture, no individuals crossing the wildlife bridge, striped field mouse use the wildlife bridge as a habitat.The environmental factors affecting the use of mice were vegetation cover(1~2m, 2~8m, over 8m), vegetation construction, maximum diameter at breast height were positively correlated and slope was nagatively correlated. In conclusion, it is expected that the effectiveness of the wildlife bridge will be further improved by planting shrubs and trees and preventing high slope and cut slope increasing the utilization of the rat, such as being used as a food source in the ecosystem.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder that causes progressive paralysis. L-Citrulline is a nonessential neutral amino acid produced by L-arginine via nitric oxide synthase (NOS). According to previous studies, the pathogenesis of ALS entails glutamate toxicity, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and neurofilament disruption. In addition, L-citrulline prevents neuronal cell death in brain ischemia; therefore, we investigated the change in the transport of L-citrulline under various pathological conditions in a cell line model of ALS. We examined the uptake of [¹⁴C]L-citrulline in wild-type (hSOD1wt/WT) and mutant NSC-34/ SOD1^G93A (MT) cell lines. The cell viability was determined via MTT assay. A transport study was performed to determine the uptake of [¹⁴C]L-citrulline. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of rat large neutral amino acid transported 1 (rLAT1) in ALS cell lines. Nitric oxide (NO) assay was performed using Griess reagent. L-Citrulline had a restorative effect on glutamate induced cell death, and increased [¹⁴C]L-citrulline uptake and mRNA levels of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in the glutamate-treated ALS disease model (MT). NO levels increased significantly when MT cells were pretreated with glutamate for 24 h and restored by co-treatment with L-citrulline. Co-treatment of MT cells with L-arginine, an NO donor, increased NO levels. NSC-34 cells exposed to high glucose conditions showed a significant increase in [¹⁴C]L-citrulline uptake and LAT1 mRNA expression levels, which were restored to normal levels upon co-treatment with unlabeled L-citrulline. In contrast, exposure of the MT cell line to tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharides, and hypertonic condition decreased the uptake significantly which was restored to the normal level by co-treating with unlabeled L-citrulline. L-Citrulline can restore NO levels and cellular uptake in ALS-affected cells with glutamate cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, or other pathological states, suggesting that L-citrulline supplementation in ALS may play a key role in providing neuroprotection.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2024

Objective : Cicadae Periostracum (CP), which is the discarded shell of the Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius, 1775), is a recognized component of oriental medicine for treatment sore throat, itching, shock, sedation, edema. However, the safety and toxicity of CP have not yet been established. It has been reported that symptoms of addiction or side effects may occur in patients who take high doses of CP or who are hypersensitive to it. Therefore, we investigated the acute toxicity of an CP extracts in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods : To study acute toxicity, five SD rats of each sex per group were treated with CP extracts at single doses of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg administrated by oral gavage, and body weight, clinical signs, and mortality were observed after dosing. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete hematological and macroscopic examinations were performed. Results : There were no dead animal and test article-related effects on body weight change or the gross finding. No toxicologically significant results were observed between control and treated groups in hematology. Although salivation related to stress at the highest dose was observed in clinical signs immediately after administration, it is considered to have no toxicological significance. Conclusion : As the results, we did not find any adverse effect at the dose levels of 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg in rats. The minimal lethal dose was considered to be over 2000 mg/kg body weight in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2024

In addition to cellular damage, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury induces substantial damage to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we sought to determine whether impaired mitochondrial function owing to IR could be restored by transplanting mitochondria into the heart under ex vivo IR states. Additionally, we aimed to provide preliminary results to inform therapeutic options for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Healthy mitochondria isolated from autologous gluteus maximus muscle were transplanted into the hearts of Sprague-Dawley rats damaged by IR using the Langendorff system, and the heart rate and oxygen consumption capacity of the mitochondria were measured to confirm whether heart function was restored. In addition, relative expression levels were measured to identify the genes related to IR injury. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption capacity was found to be lower in the IR group than in the group that underwent mitochondrial transplantation after IR injury (p < 0.05), and the control group showed a tendency toward increased oxygen consumption capacity compared with the IR group. Among the genes related to fatty acid metabolism, Cpt1b (p < 0.05) and Fads1 (p < 0.01) showed significant expression in the following order: IR group, IR + transplantation group, and control group. These results suggest that mitochondrial transplantation protects the heart from IR damage and may be feasible as a therapeutic option for IHD.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-96
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• 1998

The local arrangement of sensory nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers in the brain stem, spinal ganglia and nodose ganglia were observed following injection of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase(WGA-HRP) into the rat intestine. The tracers were injected in the stomach(anterior and posterior portion), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon or descending colon. After survival times of 48-96 hours, the rats were perfused and their brain, spinal and nodose ganglia were frozen sectioned ($40{\mu}m$). These sectiones were stained by CTB immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical staining methods and observed by dark and light microscopy. The results were as follows: 1. WGA-HRP labeled afferent terminal fields in the brain stem were seen in the stomach and cecum, and CTB labeled afferent terminal fields in the brain stem were seen in all parts of the intestine. 2. Afferent terminal fields innervating the intestine were heavily labeled bilaterally gelalinous part of nucleus of tractus solitarius(gelNTS), dorsomedial part of gelNTS, commissural part of NTS(comNTS), medial part of NTS(medNTS), wall of the fourth ventricle, ventral border of area postrema and comNTS in midline dorsal to the central canal. 3. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were observed bilaterally within the spinal ganglia, and labeled sensory neurons innervating the stomach were observed in spinal ganglia $T_2-L_1$ and the most numerous in spinal ganglia $T_{8-9}$. 4. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the duodenum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_2$ and labeled cell number were fewer than the other parts of the intestines. 5. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the jejunum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_2$ and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{12}$ in left and $T_{13}$ in right. 6. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the ileum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_2$ and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{11}$ in left and $L_1$ in right. 7. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the cecum were observed in spinal ganglia $T_7-L_2$ and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{11}$ in left and $T_{11-12}$ in right. 8. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the ascending colon were observed in spinal ganglia $T_7-L_2$ in left, and $T_9-L_4$ in right. The most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_9$ in left and $T_{11}$ in right. 9. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the descending colon were observed in spinal ganglia $T_9-L_2$ in left, and $T_6-L_2$ in right. The most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were $T_{13}$ in left and $L_1$ in right. 10. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were observed bilaterally within the nodose ganglia, and the most numerous labeled sensory neurons innervating the abdominal organs were observed in the stomach. 11. The number of labeled sensory neurons within the nodose ganglia innervating small and large intestines were fewer than that of labeled sensory neurons innervating stomach These results indicated that area of sensory neurons innervated all parts of intestines were bilaterally gelatinous part of nucleus tractus solitarius(gelNTS), dorsomedial part of gelNTS, commissural part of NTS (comNTS), medial part of NTS, wall of the fourth ventricle, ventral border of area postrema and com NTS in midline dorsal to the central canal within brain stem, spinal ganglia $T_2-L_4$ and nodose ganglia. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the intestines except the stomach were observed in spinal ganglia $T_6-L_4$. The most labeled sensory neurons from the small intestine to large intestine came from middle thoracic spinal ganglia to upper lumbar spinal ganglia.