• Title/Summary/Keyword: rape

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Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Materials with the Contribution of a Multifunctional GH78 Glycoside Hydrolase from Xylaria polymorpha to Release Aromatic Fragments and Carbohydrates

  • Liers, Christiane;Ullrich, Rene;Kellner, Harald;Chi, Do Huu;Quynh, Dang Thu;Luyen, Nguyen Dinh;Huong, Le Mai;Hofrichter, Martin;Nghi, Do Huu
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.31 no.10
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    • pp.1438-1445
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    • 2021
  • A bifunctional glycoside hydrolase GH78 from the ascomycete Xylaria polymorpha (XpoGH78) possesses catalytic versatility towards both glycosides and esters, which may be advantageous for the efficient degradation of the plant cell-wall complex that contains both diverse sugar residues and esterified structures. The contribution of XpoGH78 to the conversion of lignocellulosic materials without any chemical pretreatment to release the water-soluble aromatic fragments, carbohydrates, and methanol was studied. The disintegrating effect of enzymatic lignocellulose treatment can be significantly improved by using different kinds of hydrolases and phenoloxidases. The considerable changes in low (3 kDa), medium (30 kDa), and high (> 200 kDa) aromatic fragments were observed after the treatment with XpoGH78 alone or with this potent cocktail. Synergistic conversion of rape straw also resulted in a release of 17.3 mg of total carbohydrates (e.g., arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose) per gram of substrate after incubating for 72 h. Moreover, the treatment of rape straw with XpoGH78 led to a marginal methanol release of approximately 17 ㎍/g and improved to 270 ㎍/g by cooperation with the above accessory enzymes. In the case of beech wood conversion, the combined catalysis by XpoGH78 and laccase caused an effect comparable with that of fungal strain X. polymorpha in woody cultures concerning the liberation of aromatic lignocellulose fragments.

Prototype Development of a Small Combine for Harvesting Miscellaneous Cereal Crops and its Basic Performance

  • Lee, Beom Seob;Yoo, Soonam;Lee, Changhoon;Yun, Young Tae
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.311-319
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops. Methods: A prototype small combine was designed and constructed. Its specifications and basic performance were investigated. Results: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops was designed and constructed to reflect similar specifications as those of the conventional combine. The prototype small combine comprises a diesel engine with the rated power/speed of 22.0 kW/2,600 rpm, three-stage primary and two-stage speed range transmission shifts, and a double acting threshing part. The maximum travel speeds of the prototype combine are approximately 0.72 m/s, 2.50 m/s, 0.30 m/s at the low, high speed range shifts in the forward direction, and while traversing in the reverse direction, respectively. The minimum radius of turning was approximately 1.50 m. In a static lateral overturning test, the prototype combine overturned neither to the right nor to left on a $30^{\circ}$ slope. The results of an oilseed rape harvesting test included the maximum operating speed of 0.32 m/s, the grain loss ratio of approximately 9.0%, and the effective field capacity of approximately 10.3 a/h. Additionally, among the outputs in grain outlet, the whole grains, damage grains, and materials other than grain (MOG) ratios accounted for 97.4%, 0.0%, and 2.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops indicates good driving ability and stability. The results of the oilseed rape harvesting test reveal that the harvesting performance must be enhanced such that the separating and cleaning parts are more suitable for each type of crop, thus reducing grain loss and foreign substances among the outputs in grain outlet. An improved small prototype combine could be used effectively to mechanize the harvesting of miscellaneous cereal crops in small family farms or semi-mountainous areas.

Different Levels of N Supply Impacts on Seed Yield by Modulating C and N Metabolism in Brassica Napus

  • Lee, Bok-Rye;Lee, Hyo;Kim, Tae-Hwan
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.75-80
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    • 2019
  • Oilseed rape is known to crop having low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) but requires high levels of N fertilizer. NUE is associated with N remobilization from source to sink organ, consequently affects seed yield. Remobilization of leaf N is also related to transport of C/N metabolites in phloem. However, interaction between seed yield and phloem transport was not fully documented. In response to seed yield, N and C metabolites and their transport into seed from bolting to pod filling stage investigated in two contrasting genotypes (Capitol and Pollen) cultivated under ample (HN) or limiting nitrate (LN) supply. Seed yield was significantly reduced in N limitation and its reduction rate was much lower in Capitol than in Pollen compared to HN treated plants. Amino acid and protein content was higher in Capitol than in Pollen at bolting stage. They gradually decreased during plant development but not significant between two cultivars and/or two treatments. Glucose, fructose and sucrose content were 1.8-,1.6- or 1.25-fold higher in LN condition than in HN condition, respectively. Amino acid and sucrose content in phloem were largely higher in Capitol than in Pollen under LN condition. These results indicate that the higher seed yield might be related to greater transport ability of amino acid and sucrose in phloem under LN condition.

Studies on the Influence of the Date of Sowing in Autumn and Transplanting in Spring for the Seed Yield and the Characters of Seed Yield (유채 추묘 춘식의 파종시기와 정식기가 수량과 수량형질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kwon, B.S.;Lee, J.I.;Kim, I.H.;Yu, I.S.;Choe, H.O.
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.35-40
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    • 1977
  • The seed yield was the highest at the sowing of the 20th of September at Mokpo, and of the 30th .of September at Chungnam. And the correlation, also, was positively relative between them rape such as the 1st number of total branches and of podes per ear, the seed content .and seed yield. In accordance with the test it seemed that the suitable period of the Autumn sowing and Spring transplanting of rape was the 20th of September in Mokpo, and the 30th of September in Chungnam.

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Ammonium Excess Promotes Proline Synthesis but Inhibits Glutathione Synthesis in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

  • Hyunjae Lee;Seon-Hye Baek;Tae-Hwan Kim
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.43 no.2
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    • pp.109-115
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    • 2023
  • Ammonium (NH4+) serves as a nitrogen source, but its elevated levels can hinder plant growth and production. Excess NH4+ with α-ketoglutarate is assimilated into glutamate, a precursor of proline and glutathione (GSH). This study aimed to investigate the effects of excessive NH4+ on the regulation of proline and GSH synthesis. Detached leaves from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were fed with 0, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 mM NH4Cl for 16 h. As the NH4+ concentrations increased, the leaves exhibited progressive wilting and yellowing. Furthermore, total carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations declined in response to all NH4+ treatments, with the lowest levels observed in 1000 mM NH4+ treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration showed a minor increase at low NH4+ concentration (50 and 100 mM) treatments but a significant increase at high NH4+ (500 and 1000 mM), which was consistent with the localization of H2O2. Amino acid concentrations increased with increasing in NH4+ concentration, while the protein concentration displayed the opposite trend. Proline and cysteine concentrations exhibited a gradual increase in response to increasing NH4+ concentrations. However, GSH concentrations rose only in the 50 mM NH4+ treatment and decreased in the 500 and 1000 mM NH4+ treatments. These results indicate that excessive NH4+ is primarily assimilated into proline, while GSH synthesis is adversely affected.

Anarchy of Empire and Empathy of Suffering: Reading of So Far from the Bamboo Grove and Year of Impossible Goodbyes from the Perspectives of Postcolonial Feminism (제국의 혼동과 고통의 분담 -탈식민페미니즘의 관점에서 본 『요코 이야기』와 『떠나보낼 수 없는 세월』)

  • Yu, Jeboon
    • Journal of English Language & Literature
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    • v.58 no.1
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    • pp.163-183
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    • 2012
  • This paper is one of those attempts to explore some possibility of agreement between feminist discourse and postcolonial discourses through the approach of postcolonial feminism in the reading of the controversial novel, So Far from the Bamboo Grove and Year of Impossible Goodbyes. So Far from the Bamboo Grove, when read from the perspective of postcolonial feminism, reveals 'domestic nationalism' of imperial narratives in which the violence of imperial history in Korea is hidden behind the picture of every day lives of an ordinary Japanese family and Japanese women. Furthermore, postcolonial feminist's perspective interprets Yoko family's nostalgia for their 'home,' Nanam in Korea, as 'imperialist nostalgia' working as a mask to hide the violent history of colonization of Empire. In this way, postcolonial feminist reading of the story detects the ways the narrative of Empire appropriates women, family image and even nostalgia for childhood. At the same time, this perspective explains the readers' empathy for Yoko family's suffering and the concerning women issues caused by wartime rape and sexual violence by defining Yoko as a woman of Japanese Empire, whose life of interstice between imperial men and colonial men cannot be free from violence of rape during anti colonial wars. Year of Impossible Goodbyes as a counter discourse does not overcome the traditional binary opposition of nationalism which quietens gender and class issues. As an attempt to fill in the interstice between the two perspectives of feminism and postcolonialism. postcolonial feminist reading turns out to be a valid tool for the reading of the two novels chosen here.

Putting Michael McKeon to the "Question": Is Clarissa Harlowe a Prude or Saint?

  • Chung, Ewha
    • Journal of English Language & Literature
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    • v.57 no.6
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    • pp.1131-1149
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    • 2011
  • Michael McKeon, in The Origins of the English Novel, 1600-1740, sets forth a theoretical study of a large canon of seventeenth- and eighteenthcentury works, based upon the dialectic of genre formations, which attempts to analyze certain "instabilities" in generic and social categories- "instabilities" that McKeon identifies as "Questions of Truth" and "Questions of Virtue." In this paper, I argue with McKeon's optimistic reading of Samuel Richardson's work, Clarissa, or The History of Young Lady (1740), which concludes that-unlike Pamela's "manifest material and social empowerment"-Clarissa acquires "manifest discursive and imaginative empowerment" and "wins" (to use McKeon's terms) the "battle" with her antagonist, Robert Lovelace. What is difficult to accept in this reading of Clarissa is McKeon's claim that the "success" of Clarissa's resistance to Lovelace, despite the tragic rape, is evident in her "new-found power" which is represented in the heroine's spiritual "conversion"- her decision to die to protect her "version of truth and virtue." McKeon's spiritual "conversion" not only forces Clarissa to surrender her legal right to prosecute her rapist but also forces her to seek the shelter of her "father's house" in the afterlife because she can no longer "make others accept [her] own version of events as authoritative." Thus, in contrast to McKeon, I claim that Clarissa represents the necessary conditions for its heroine's "empowerment" primarily in language that suggests her manifest social invalidation; language which in particular emphasizes that her rape and torture by Lovelace forces Clarissa's spiritual "conversion" to seek her reward in the afterlife-thereby concluding that Clarissa's discursive and imaginative empowerment does not and cannot exist in the secular, material world.

Separation of Reducing Sugars from Rape Stalk by Acid Hydrolysis and Fabrication of Fuel Pellets from its Residues (산가수분해한 유채대로부터 유리당의 분리 및 이의 잔사로부터 펠릿의 제조)

  • Yang, In;Ahn, Byoung Jun;Kim, Myeong-Yong;Oh, Sei Chang;Ahn, Sye Hee;Choi, In-Gyu;Kim, Yong-Hyun;Han, Gyu-Seong
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.60-71
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to identify the potential of rape stalk as a raw material for biorefinery process of rape flower. At first, rape stalk (RS) was immersed in distilled water (DW), acetic acid (AA), oxalic acid (OA), sulfuric acid (SA) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions, and the content of reducing sugars liberated from immersed RS was analyzed. Glucose, xylose, arabinose and sucrose were detected varying with the immersion type. In particular, 1% AA-immersion of RS for 72 hr was the most effective conditions to liberate glucose from RS. Secondly, the RS residues were used for elementary analysis and fabrication of fuel pellets. In addition to the solution type, concentration of immersion solutions (0%, 1%, 2%) and immersion time (24, 72, 120 hr) were used as experimental factors. The contents of nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine reduced effectively through the immersion of RS in DW, AA and OA solutions. For properties of RS-based pellets, bulk density and higher heating value of RS-based pellets greatly increased with the immersion of RS, and the qualities were much higher than those of the A-grade pellet of the EN standards. Ash content decreased remarkably through the immersion of RS, and was satisfied with the A-grade pellet standard. Durability was negatively affected by the immersion of RS, and did not reached to B-grade of the EN standard. In conclusion, acid immersion of RS can be a pretreatment method for the production of fuel pellet and bioethanol, but use of the immersed RS for the production of high-quality pellets might be restricted due to low durability of immersed-RS pellets. Therefore, further studies, such as investigation of detailed immersion conditions, fabrication of mixed pellets with wooden materials and addition of binders, are needed to resolve the problems.

Evaluation on the Effects of Deicing Salts on Crop using Seedling Emergence Assay of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) (유채의 출아 검정을 통한 제설제의 작물 영향 평가)

  • Lim, Soo-Hyun;Yu, Hyejin;Lee, Chan-Young;Gong, Yu-Seok;Lee, Byung-Duk;Kim, Do-Soon
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.66 no.1
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    • pp.72-79
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    • 2021
  • The increasing use of deicing salts has caused various environmental problems, including crop damage along the motorway where deicing salts are sprayed during winter. Deicing salts used on roads have been reported to negatively affect crops, but little information is known about their impact on crops. A seedling emergence assay was conducted to evaluate the effects of deicing salts on crops using oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a model plant. We tested five chloride deicing salts consisting of NaCl, CaCl2, or MgCl2 and 1 non-chloride deicing salt (SM-3) at a range of concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mM), and untreated control. Regardless of deicing salts, they significantly delayed and reduced seedling emergence of oilseed rape with increasing salt concentration. Non-linear regression analysis of seedling emergence with a range of salt concentrations by fitting to the log-logistic model revealed that the chloride deicing salts reduced seedling emergence more than the non-chloride deicing salt SM-3. The GR50 value, the concentration causing 50% seedling emergence, of SM-3 was 47.1 mM, while those of the chloride deicing salts ranged from 30.7 mM (PC-10) to 37.5 mM (ES-1), showing approximately 10 mM difference between non-chloride and chloride deicing salts. Our findings suggest that seedling emergence assay is a useful tool to estimate the potential damage caused by deicing salts on crops.

A Study on the Spatial Feature and Pattern of Crime using GIS (GIS를 활용한 범죄의 공간적 군집패턴 및 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Jeon Jae-Han;Kwon Jay-Hyoun;Yang Hyo-Jin
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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    • 2006.04a
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    • pp.399-403
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    • 2006
  • To deal with the modem intellectual criminal acts, various efforts are tried. Especially, it is not difficult to watch the recent activities to analyze the criminal characteristics spatially using computing and GIS technology In this study, the spatial features and patterns of crime are investigated. The crime is reconstituted with respect to assault, larceny, robbery, and rape, then the variables are derived based on the theory of criminology. The kernal density analysis are performed to investigate the criminal distribution, and the correlation between the main criminal causes and the criminal outbreak is examined by buffering analysis. In addition, the land price and land usages are correlated with social-economic factors of criminal patterns.

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