• Title/Summary/Keyword: random vectors

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A Watermarking Method Based on the Trellis Code with Multi-layer (다층구조를 갖는 trellis부호를 이용한 워터마킹)

  • Lee, Jeong Hwan
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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    • 2009.10a
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    • pp.949-952
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, a watermarking method based on the trellis code with multi-layer is proposed. An image is divided $8{\times}8$ block with no overlapping, and compute the discrete cosine transform(DCT) of each block, and the 12 medium-frequency AC terms from each block are extracted. Next it is compared with gaussian random vectors with zero mean and unit variance. As these processing, the embedding vectors with minimum linear correlation can be obtained by Viterbi algorithm at each layer of trellis coding. To evaluate the performance of proposed method, the average bit error rate of watermark message is calculated from different several images.

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Frame Reliability Weighting for Robust Speech Recognition (프레임 신뢰도 가중에 의한 강인한 음성인식)

  • 조훈영;김락용;오영환
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.323-329
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    • 2002
  • This paper proposes a frame reliability weighting method to compensate for a time-selective noise that occurs at random positions of speech signal contaminating certain parts of the speech signal. Speech frames have different degrees of reliability and the reliability is proportional to SNR (signal-to noise ratio). While it is feasible to estimate frame Sl? by using the noise information from non-speech interval under a stationary noisy situation, it is difficult to obtain noise spectrum for a time-selective noise. Therefore, we used statistical models of clean speech for the estimation of the frame reliability. The proposed MFR (model-based frame reliability) approximates frame SNR values using filterbank energy vectors that are obtained by the inverse transformation of input MFCC (mal-frequency cepstral coefficient) vectors and mean vectors of a reference model. Experiments on various burnt noises revealed that the proposed method could represent the frame reliability effectively. We could improve the recognition performance by using MFR values as weighting factors at the likelihood calculation step.

Production of Thrombopoietin Gene Targeted Clones by Homologous Recombination at $\beta$-casein Locus of Primary Bovine Ear Skin Fibroblasts

  • Mira Chang;Oh, Keon-Bong;Lee, Kyung-Kwang;Han, Yong-Mahn
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.86-86
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    • 2003
  • Research has been in progress for more than a decade to production of useful proteins by genetic modification in cattle. However, the levels of protein production in transgenic cattle have been reported very low. To enhance protein production in transgenic animal, we tried homologous recombination to donor cells for production of transgenic clone cattle through nuclear transfer procedure. Thus, we constructed the two targeting vectors of human thrombopoietin (TPO) at bovine $\beta$-casein locus using homologous recombination with 13.6 kb and 9.6 kb homology. In two targeting vectors, positive selection was through the neomycin resistance gene and negative selection was by the diphtheria toxin (DT). Gene targeting was attempted in bovine embryonic fibroblasts (bEF) and bovine ear skin fibroblasts (bESF). To determine the most appropriate concentration of neomycin for bEF and bESF, G4l8 resistance was confirmed by culturing the cells in various concentrations of the drug and both of the cells were optimally selected at $900 \mu g/ml$ of neomycin. The transfected bEF and bESF by the targeting vectors were colonized efficiently at the ratio of DNA to transfection reagent such as $4 \mu g$:2 ${mu}ell$ and $1 \mu g$:$2 \mu l$. Comparing number of healthy clones from passage 4 to passage 8, bESF (17%) persist in culture for much longer than bEF (6%). The two gene-targeted bESF clones of 30 random-integrated clones with 9.6 kb homology length were confirmed, however, nothing was out of 72 random integration clones with 13.6 kb homology length, The DT also worked more efficiently in clones transfected with the vector of 9.6 kb homology length. Our data suggests that the choice of donor cell for long culture period should be considered to obtain targeted cell clone, and the gene-targeting frequency and the DT working efficiency are dependent on the length of target homology.

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Sentiment Analysis of Korean Reviews Using CNN: Focusing on Morpheme Embedding (CNN을 적용한 한국어 상품평 감성분석: 형태소 임베딩을 중심으로)

  • Park, Hyun-jung;Song, Min-chae;Shin, Kyung-shik
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.59-83
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    • 2018
  • With the increasing importance of sentiment analysis to grasp the needs of customers and the public, various types of deep learning models have been actively applied to English texts. In the sentiment analysis of English texts by deep learning, natural language sentences included in training and test datasets are usually converted into sequences of word vectors before being entered into the deep learning models. In this case, word vectors generally refer to vector representations of words obtained through splitting a sentence by space characters. There are several ways to derive word vectors, one of which is Word2Vec used for producing the 300 dimensional Google word vectors from about 100 billion words of Google News data. They have been widely used in the studies of sentiment analysis of reviews from various fields such as restaurants, movies, laptops, cameras, etc. Unlike English, morpheme plays an essential role in sentiment analysis and sentence structure analysis in Korean, which is a typical agglutinative language with developed postpositions and endings. A morpheme can be defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language, and a word consists of one or more morphemes. For example, for a word '예쁘고', the morphemes are '예쁘(= adjective)' and '고(=connective ending)'. Reflecting the significance of Korean morphemes, it seems reasonable to adopt the morphemes as a basic unit in Korean sentiment analysis. Therefore, in this study, we use 'morpheme vector' as an input to a deep learning model rather than 'word vector' which is mainly used in English text. The morpheme vector refers to a vector representation for the morpheme and can be derived by applying an existent word vector derivation mechanism to the sentences divided into constituent morphemes. By the way, here come some questions as follows. What is the desirable range of POS(Part-Of-Speech) tags when deriving morpheme vectors for improving the classification accuracy of a deep learning model? Is it proper to apply a typical word vector model which primarily relies on the form of words to Korean with a high homonym ratio? Will the text preprocessing such as correcting spelling or spacing errors affect the classification accuracy, especially when drawing morpheme vectors from Korean product reviews with a lot of grammatical mistakes and variations? We seek to find empirical answers to these fundamental issues, which may be encountered first when applying various deep learning models to Korean texts. As a starting point, we summarized these issues as three central research questions as follows. First, which is better effective, to use morpheme vectors from grammatically correct texts of other domain than the analysis target, or to use morpheme vectors from considerably ungrammatical texts of the same domain, as the initial input of a deep learning model? Second, what is an appropriate morpheme vector derivation method for Korean regarding the range of POS tags, homonym, text preprocessing, minimum frequency? Third, can we get a satisfactory level of classification accuracy when applying deep learning to Korean sentiment analysis? As an approach to these research questions, we generate various types of morpheme vectors reflecting the research questions and then compare the classification accuracy through a non-static CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) model taking in the morpheme vectors. As for training and test datasets, Naver Shopping's 17,260 cosmetics product reviews are used. To derive morpheme vectors, we use data from the same domain as the target one and data from other domain; Naver shopping's about 2 million cosmetics product reviews and 520,000 Naver News data arguably corresponding to Google's News data. The six primary sets of morpheme vectors constructed in this study differ in terms of the following three criteria. First, they come from two types of data source; Naver news of high grammatical correctness and Naver shopping's cosmetics product reviews of low grammatical correctness. Second, they are distinguished in the degree of data preprocessing, namely, only splitting sentences or up to additional spelling and spacing corrections after sentence separation. Third, they vary concerning the form of input fed into a word vector model; whether the morphemes themselves are entered into a word vector model or with their POS tags attached. The morpheme vectors further vary depending on the consideration range of POS tags, the minimum frequency of morphemes included, and the random initialization range. All morpheme vectors are derived through CBOW(Continuous Bag-Of-Words) model with the context window 5 and the vector dimension 300. It seems that utilizing the same domain text even with a lower degree of grammatical correctness, performing spelling and spacing corrections as well as sentence splitting, and incorporating morphemes of any POS tags including incomprehensible category lead to the better classification accuracy. The POS tag attachment, which is devised for the high proportion of homonyms in Korean, and the minimum frequency standard for the morpheme to be included seem not to have any definite influence on the classification accuracy.

In-plane response of masonry infilled RC framed structures: A probabilistic macromodeling approach

  • De Domenico, Dario;Falsone, Giovanni;Laudani, Rossella
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.68 no.4
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    • pp.423-442
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    • 2018
  • In this paper, masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames are analyzed through a probabilistic approach. A macro-modeling technique, based on an equivalent diagonal pin-jointed strut, has been resorted to for modelling the stiffening contribution of the masonry panels. Since it is quite difficult to decide which mechanical characteristics to assume for the diagonal struts in such simplified model, the strut width is here considered as a random variable, whose stochastic characterization stems from a wide set of empirical expressions proposed in the literature. The stochastic analysis of the masonry infilled RC frame is conducted via the Probabilistic Transformation Method by employing a set of space transformation laws of random vectors to determine the probability density function (PDF) of the system response in a direct manner. The knowledge of the PDF of a set of response indicators, including displacements, bending moments, shear forces, interstory drifts, opens an interesting discussion about the influence of the uncertainty of the masonry infills and the resulting implications in a design process.

Efficient Verification Method with Random Vectors for Embedded Control RISC Cores (내장형 제어 RISC코어를 위한 효율적인 랜덤 벡터 기능 검증 방법)

  • Yang, Hun-Mo;Gwak, Seung-Ho;Lee, Mun-Gi
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.38 no.10
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    • pp.735-745
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    • 2001
  • Processors require both intensive and extensive functional verification in their design phase due to their general purpose. The proposed random vector verification method for embedded control RISC cores meets this goal by contributing assistance for conventional methods. The proposed method proved its effectiveness during the design of CalmRISCTM-32 developed by Yonsei Univ. and Samsung. It adopts a cycle-accurate instruction level simulator as a reference model, runs simulation in both the reference and the target HDL and reports errors if any difference is found between them. Consequently, it successfully covers errors designers easily pass over and establishes other new error check points.

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Effect of random Shine-Dalarno sequence on the expression of Bovine Growth Hormone Gene in Escherichia coli (대장균에서 무작위 샤인-달가노 서열이 소성장호르몬 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향)

  • 나경수;나경수;백형석;이용세
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.422-430
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    • 2000
  • In order to search for the effects of Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and nucleotide sequence of spacer region (SD-ATG) on bGH expression, oligonucleotides containing random SD sequences and a spacer region were chemically synthesized. The distance between SD region and initiation codon (ATG) was fixed to 9 nucleotides in length. The expression vectors have been constructed using pT7-1 vector containing a T7 promoter. Positive clones were screened with colony hybridization and named pT7A or pT7B plasmid series. The selected clones were confirmed by DNA sequencing and finally, 19 clones having various SD combinations were obtained. When bovine growth hormone was induced by IPTG in E. coli BL21(DE3), all cells harboring these plasmids produced a detectable level of bGH in western blot analysis. However, various SD sequences did not affect on bGH expression, indicating that the sequences of SD and the spacer region did not sufficiently destabilize mRNA secondary structure of bGH gene. Therefore, these results indicate that the disruption of mRNA secondary structure might be a major factor for regulating bGH expression in the translational initiation process.

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Cotent-based Image Retrieving Using Color Histogram and Color Texture (컬러 히스토그램과 컬러 텍스처를 이용한 내용기반 영상 검색 기법)

  • Lee, Hyung-Goo;Yun, Il-Dong
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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    • v.36S no.9
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    • pp.76-90
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    • 1999
  • In this paper, a color image retrieval algorithm is proposed based on color histogram and color texture. The representative color vectors of a color image are made from k-means clustering of its color histogram, and color texture is generated by centering around the color of pixels with its color vector. Thus the color texture means texture properties emphasized by its color histogram, and it is analyzed by Gaussian Markov Random Field (GMRF) model. The proposed algorithm can work efficiently because it does not require any low level image processing such as segmentation or edge detection, so it outperforms the traditional algorithms which use color histogram only or texture properties come from image intensity.

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Conditional Moment-based Classification of Patterns Using Spatial Information Based on Gibbs Random Fields (깁스확률장의 공간정보를 갖는 조건부 모멘트에 의한 패턴분류)

  • Kim, Ju-Sung;Yoon, Myoung-Young
    • The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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    • v.3 no.6
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    • pp.1636-1645
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    • 1996
  • In this paper we proposed a new scheme for conditional two dimensional (2-D)moment-based classification of patterns on the basis of Gibbs random fields which are will suited for representing spatial continuity that is the characteristic of the most images. This implementation contains two parts: feature extraction and pattern classification. First of all, we extract feature vector which consists of conditional 2-D moments on the basis of estimated Gibbs parameter. Note that the extracted feature vectors are invariant under translation, rotation, size of patterns the corresponding template pattern. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, classification experiments with training document sets of characters have been carried out on 486 66Mhz PC. Experiments reveal that the proposed scheme has high classification rate over 94%.

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Target Detection Performance in a Clutter Environment Based on the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (클러터 환경에서의 GLRT 기반 표적 탐지성능)

  • Suh, Jin-Bae;Chun, Joo-Hwan;Jung, Ji-Hyun;Kim, Jin-Uk
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.365-372
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    • 2019
  • We propose a method to estimate unknown parameters(e.g., target amplitude and clutter parameters) in the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT) using maximum likelihood estimation and the Newton-Raphson method. When detecting targets in a clutter environ- ment, it is important to establish a modular model of clutter similar to the actual environment. These correlated clutter models can be generated using spherically invariant random vectors. We obtain the GLRT of the generated clutter model and check its detection probability using estimated parameters.