• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2020

The study examines the impact of international integration on Vietnam's rural and urban income inequalities using the regression model. The data used for this study is based on the results of the Vietnam Household Living Standards survey from 2008 to 2016 of the General Statistics Office. These surveys conducted nationwide with a sample size of 46,995 households in 3,133 communes/wards which were representative at national, regional, urban, rural and provincial levels. The level of international economic integration used in the study is the proportion of import and export turnover of GDP, the proportion of FDI and GDP by province. Due to the heterogeneity and unobservableness of the single observant in the data set, we selected the models of random and fixed effects. The research results show that during the economic integration process, the Export/GDP factor is negatively related to income inequality. The remaining factors (GDP per capita, FDI/GDP, Educational level of households, Percentage of internet users, Aggregation of foreign cash inflow and GDP of the province) are all positively related to income inequality. The findings help assess the impact of international integration on rural-urban income inequality, but also provides a concrete basis to help policymakers address income inequality in the integration process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes related to pig IMF and estimate the heritability of intramuscular fat content (IMF). Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 704 inbred Berkshires was performed for IMF. To consider the inbreeding among samples, associations of the SNPs with IMF were tested as random effects in a mixed linear model using the genetic relationship matrix by GEMMA. Significant genes were compared with reported pig IMF quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions and functional classification of the identified genes were also performed. Heritability of IMF was estimated by GCTA tool. Results: Total 365 SNPs were found to be significant from a cutoff of p-value <0.01 and the 365 significant SNPs were annotated across 120 genes. Twenty five genes were on pig IMF QTL regions. Bone morphogenetic protein-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator, forkhead box protein O1, ectodysplasin A receptor, ring finger protein 149, cluster of differentiation, tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), MYC proto-oncogene, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor were related to mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which regulates the differentiation to adipocytes. These genes and the genes mapped on QTLs could be the candidate genes affecting IMF. Heritability of IMF was estimated as 0.52, which was relatively high, suggesting that a considerable portion of the total variance of IMF is explained by the SNP information. Conclusion: Our results can contribute to breeding pigs with better IMF and therefore, producing pork with better sensory qualities.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.286-288
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between participation in sport for all, social support among the aged. To attain the goal of the study described above paragraphs, the older person resided in Seoul and Gyonggi, 2006 year were set as a collected group. Then, using the cluster random sampling method, finally drew out and analyzed 245 people in total. The result of reliability check up was here below; over Chronbach's ${\alpha}=.775$. To analyze materials, factor analysis, ANCOVA, multiple regression analysis were used as statistic analysis techniques. The conclusion based on above study method and the result of material analysis are below. Based upon the result of the study, the conclusions are the followings; First, participation experience of sport for all don't influence on the social support. Second, participation degree of sport for all influence on the social support.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.339-347
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• 2008

A balanced game is one where the main determining factor for the success of the player is the skill level of that player Random events can occur, but a better player should be more successful than a poor one unless the player has an unusually long run of bad luck. Balancing a game is a very difficult to define a purpose, and to implement process. The possible ways are somewhat subjective and depend on the nature of the game. This paper provides new algorithm for character adjustment using log function with some nature-based Ideas. The algorithm shows not only how we decide the exact point of character adjustment but also how much we have to modify the parameters for changing abilities of the character. This paper shows the experimental results of the algorithm and shows differences between normal game playing and playing with character adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.12-22
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• 2002

This study examines the visitors'evaluations of tourism resources in Insa-dong, which the Seoul metropolitan government has improved recently. This study adopted the method of Importance-Performance Analysis by collecting data through questionnaires. A random sampling of visitors to Insa-dong was conducted in June and July,2001. The survey included questions on the physical and psychological components of Insa-dong's tourism resources. In the case of physical components, eight factors(ancient arts shop, art gallery, atelier, calligraphy shop, pottery arts, traditional tea house, antique shop, traditional clothes) out of thirteen were categorized as 'keeping up the good work'. None of the Physical components was shown as 'low priority'or'possible overkill'. In particular, four factors(restaurant, heritage, Korean-style house and alley, traditional cultural festival) need to be impoved most urgently in terms of visitors'satisfaction. Survey results realize them as high priority in importance but low in performance, thereby designated as, 'concentrate here'. An image of the 'street' showed to be high in importance and identical in performance, so can be categorized between'keeping up the good work'and 'concentrate here'. The results show that unusual outdoor spaces and the festivals of Insa-dong have a significant meaning to the visitors. In the case of psychological components, three factors(general atmosphere experience of unusual atmosphere, appropriateness of stroll time) out of seventeen were categorized as 'keeping up the good work'. Ore factor (shopping) was designated as 'low priority'and not found to be 'possible overkill'. Thirteen factors (various events, possibility of various activity, various flood, richness of play, new experience, education cultural inheritance, parking facilities, resting places, green spaces, meeting places, guide map and information, cleanliness of facilities/convenience) need to be improved mast urgently in terms of visitors' fulfillment. They are perceived as areas of 'concentrate here'. This confirms that attractive events are essential for the recent visitor satisfaction. Furthermore, visitors are not satisfied with its amenity and acccss in Insa-dong despite the improvements. In conclusion, positive impressions, both physical and psychological, should be maintained while factors mentioned to be lacking should be prioritized in order of necessity to improve the image of Insa-dong and solutions need to be found and implemented. The results of this study would be helpful in the planning and management of nsa-dong considering the visitors'requirements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.71-84
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• 1988

For traffic proceeding in random directions on a plane surface the frequency of collision, if no avoiding action in taken ,is approximately proportional to the square of the traffic density and directly proportional to the size and speed of the ship, Avoiding is normally taken and the rte of collisions is therefore also governed by additional factors such as the visibility, the effectiveness of the collisionavoidance rules, the competence of personnel or watchkeeping attitude, the maneuverability of the ship and the efficiency of radar and other equipments. From the viewpoint of watchkeeper who is responsible for maneuvering, watchkeeping attitude such as lookout and action to avoid collision is the most controllable factor among those mentioned above. In practice, according to the investigation of the institution of marine courts, about 50% co collisions occurred is caused by disorbedience to steering and sailing rules of international regulations for preventing collision at sea including lookout. So we classify the process of collisions with first sight of another ship , assessment of risk of collisions and action to avoid collisions and make a factural survey about lookout and action to avoid collisions from the point on "time" and " distance", namely relationship among ship's size, speed, first sight time of another ship, action to avoid collisions ,and distance from sight of another ship to collision occurred. According to the results of the actual survey , we come to conclude that most of collisions occurred are due to improper lookout and ineffective action to avoid collision which means time lag from first sight of another ship to time of action taken to avoid collision is relatively long. is relatively long.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.199-209
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• 2011

In the study of traffic safety, the analysis on factors affecting crash severity and the understanding about their relationship is important to be planning and execute to improve safety of road and traffic facilities. The purpose of this study is to develop a hierarchical binomial logistic model to identify the significant factors affecting fatal injuries and vehicle damages of traffic crashes on freeway. Two models on death and total vehicle damage are developed. The hierarchical structure of response variable is composed of two level, crash-occupant and crash-vehicle. As a result, we have gotten the crash-level random effect from these hierarchical structure as well as the fixed effect of covariates, namely odds ratio. The crash on the main line and in-out section have greater damage than other facilities. Injuries and vehicle damages are severe in case of traffic violations, centerline invasion and speeding. Also, collision crash and fire occurrence is more severe damaged than other crash types. The surrounding environment of surface conditions by climate and visibility conditions by day and night is a significant factor on crash occurrence. On the orher hand, the geometric condition of road isn't.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.281-296
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• 2005

This article summarizes our research on estimation of area-specific and time-adjusted rainfall rates during 2004KEOP (Korea enhanced observation period: June 1, $2004{\sim}$ August 31, 2004). The rainfall rate is defined as the proportion of rainfall days per week and areas are consisting of Haenam, Yeosu, Janghung, Heuksando, Gwangju, Mokpo, Jindo, and Wando. Our objectives are to analyze periodicity in area-specific precipitation and the meteorological measures and investigate the relationships between the geographic pattern of the rainfall rates and the corresponding pattern in potential explanatory covariates such as temperature, wind, wind direction, pressure, and humidity. A generalized linear model is introduced to implement the objectives and the patterns are estimated by considering a set of rainfall rates produced using samples from the posterior distribution of the population rainfall rates.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.675-678
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• 2015

Background: There are several validated risk factors for breast cancer. However the legitimacy of elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) is not well established. This study was designed to assess this parameter as a risk factor for breast cancer among pre- and post-menopausal women. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi from June 2010 to August 2014. Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data of study subjects comprising 175 diagnosed breast cancer patients with positive histopathology from Breast Clinic, surgical unit-1, Civil Hospital, Karachi and 175 healthy controls from various screening programs. Blood samples were analyzed for FBG and serum insulin. Results: FBG, HOMA-IR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly raised in breast cancer cases when compared to control subjects. Cases and controls were further categorized in to two groups using cutoff value of 110mg/dl to distinguish subjects into normal fasting glucose (<110mg/dl) and having impaired fasting glucose (${\geq}110-{\leq}125mg/dl$) or diabetes (${\geq}126mg/dl$). Odds ratios were found to be 1.57, 2.15 and 1.17 in overall, pre-menopausal and post-menopausal groups, respectively. (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: A statistically significant risk of breast cancer exists in women having elevated fasting blood glucose levels, corresponding to prediabetes and diabetes, among pre and postmenopausal ages, with comparatively greater effects in the premenopausal group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1919-1923
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• 2013

Background: Smoking is known as a major risk factor for different types of cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence is increasing in developing countries. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among the population aged 40-64 years in the city of Shahroud which is a representative urban population in Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study with stratified random cluster sampling was conducted in 2009 as the first phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. Of 6,311 people, 5,190 participated (82.2%). Information about smoking habit was obtained by face-to-face interview. Results: The overall prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 11.3% (95%CI: 10.5-12.3). It was significantly higher among males than females (25.7% and 0.71%, P<0.001). The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 10.8% and 1.75% were past smokers. The smoking rate of water-pipe was 0.67%. Unemployed people smoked more than employed (OR=2.66, 95%CI: 1.38-5.14). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking is low in Shahroud compared with other parts of Iran and other countries. Age, sex, job and marital status were associated with smoking. The low smoking rate among women may be attributed to cultural and social reasons.