• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between endogenous polyamines (PAs) and floral bud differentiation in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). In this study, PA content (free, bound, and conjugated) in apical buds, leaves, and roots changed appreciably during floral bud differentiation. PAs accumulated during series of processes such as floral induction, differentiation of floret primordia, and crown formation in apical buds; changes in PAs in apical buds may have a relationship with those in leaves and roots. The levels of free PAs and conjugated PAs [putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm)] in apical buds rapidly increased during the initiation stage of floral bud differentiation, while free and conjugated spermidine (Spd) reached their highest levels at the stage of floret primordium differentiation. In the free, conjugated, and bound PA fractions, the changes in Spm content were negligible compared to those of Put and Spd throughout the experiment. These findings indicate that PAs participate in regulating the process of flower bud differentiation in chrysanthemum.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.763-778
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• 2021

The effect of marination with black currant juice (BCJ) was investigated for their effects on meat quality and content of biogenic amines (BAs) [putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), histamine (HIM), tyramine (TYM), and spermidine (SPD)] in pork belly during storage at 9℃. BCJ was shown to have antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the pH of pork belly marinated with BCJ (PBB) was significantly lower than that of raw pork belly (RPB) during storage. No significant difference in microorganisms between RPB and PBB was observed at day 0 of storage. However, at days 5 and 10 of storage, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) was significantly decreased in PBB compared to RPB, and PBB also demonstrated significantly lower numbers of bacteria associated with spoilage (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp.) at these time-points. PBB was also associated with significantly reduced formation of BAs (PUT, CAD, TYM, and total BAs) compared to RPB at days 5 and 10 of storage. These results indicated that BCJ can be regarded as a natural additive for improving meat quality by preventing increased pH, VBN, bacterial spoilage, and inhibiting BAs formation during refrigerated storage.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical hazards of 74 kinds of commercial anchovy fish sauce in Korea by measuring their biogenic amine content. The biogenic amines detected in commercial anchovy fish sauce were tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, spermine, and histamine. Among them, histamine content was the highest with an average of 1,439.62±812.62 mg/kg. Excessive intake of histamine could result in chemical food poisoning characterized by high blood pressure, headache, and diarrhea. Accordingly, by simulating histamine exposure (repetition=10,000 times) based on the daily intake of 0.969 g of domestic anchovy fish sauce, we found that the estimated average histamine exposure was 24.49±55.48 ㎍/kg bw/day and that the margins of exposure (MOE) value were 139.18 at 1% and 66,141.07 at 95% of 10,000 simulations (9,500 times). As such, it was confirmed that 9,500 out of 10,000 simulations of MOE analysis significantly exceeded MOE 10. Therefore, the risk of exposure to histamine from ingestion of commercial anchovy fish sauce is approximately very low.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1472-1478
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• 2004

The effects of microorganisms inoculated in beef, pork and chicken on the production of various biogenic amines (BA) were examined. Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus alimentarius, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aerugina, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were inoculated into beef, pork and chicken and incubated for 24 h at optimum temperatures of each bacterium. In ground beef, total amount of amines (TAA) produced was highest in the sample inoculated with Bacillus cereus, followed by Enterobacter cloacae. In ground pork, TAA was highest in the sample inoculated with Alcaligenes faecalis, followed by Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus cereus. TAA of chicken breast was highest in the sample inoculated with Alcaligenes faecalis, followed by Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus alimentarius while in chicken leg was the sample inoculated with Proteus vulgaris, followed by Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae and Alcaligenes faecalis. Among biogenic amines produced, cadaverine (CAD) was detected at the highest level, followed by putrescine (PUT) and tyramine (TYM), their order being reversed by the kind of microorganism in beef and pork. In chicken breast and leg, CAD level was still the highest but PUT, TYM or PHM was the second highest, depending upon the kind of microorganism inoculated. In total, Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus cereus were ones that produced a larger amount of BAs regardless of meat sources from different species.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Soil bacteria play important roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling during the non-growing season. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management and chemical properties on the utilization of carbon sources by soil bacteria in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Biolog EcoPlate was used for analyzing community-level carbon substrate utilization profiles of soil bacteria. Soils were collected from the following three types of areas: plain, interface and mountain areas, which were tested to investigate the topology effect. The results of canonical correspondence analysis and Kendall rank correlation analysis showed that soil C/N ratio and NH₄⁺ influenced utilization of carbon sources by bacteria. The utilization of carbohydrates and complex carbon sources were positively correlated with NH₄⁺ concentration. Cultivated paddy fields were compared with adjacent abandoned fields to investigate the impact of cultivation cessation. The level of utilization of putrescine was lower in abandoned fields than in cultivated fields. Monoculture fields were compared with double cropping fields cultivated with barley to investigate the impact of winter crop cultivation. Cropping system altered bacterial use of carbon sources, as reflected by the enhanced utilization of 2-hydroxy benzoic acid under monoculture conditions. CONCLUSION: These results show that soil use intensity and topological characteristics have a minimal impact on soil bacterial functioning in relation to carbon substrate utilization. Moreover, soil chemical properties were found to be important factors determining the physiological profile of the soil bacterial community in paddy fields.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.522-526
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• 2006

UV-B에 의한 강낭콩 식물의 피해양상, 지질과산화, 지질조성 변화와 UV-B에 대한 식물의 방어기작 등을 조사하기 위하여 3주간 UV-B 조사 실험을 수행하였다. UV-B 처리에 의해 초장이 약 22% 정도 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. MDA 함량은 UV-B 처리에 의해 약 50% 정도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Glutathione 및 ascorbate acid 함량은 UV-B 조사에 의해 산화형이 증가하고 환원형이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. UV-B 조사에 의한 지방산 구성 변화를 조사한 결과 당지질 및 인지질 모두 UV-B조사에 의해 포화지방산이 증가하는 것에 반해, 불포화지방산이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 강낭콩 잎에는 주로 3종류의 polyamine이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며, 3종류 모두 UV-B 조사에 의해 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험 결과로 볼 때, UV-B 조사는 활성산소를 생성하여 생체막 지질에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, ascorbate acid, glutathione, polyamine 등의 항산화물질들이 이에 대한 피해를 최소화하기 위하여 작용하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2011

산성비에 대한 봉선화의 피해양상과 지질조성 변화 및 방어기작 등을 조사하기 위하여 2주 동안 여러 농도(pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.6)의 인공산성비 실험을 수행하였다. 인공산성비의 pH가 낮을수록 생육피해가 심하게 나타났다. 인공산성비의 pH가 낮을수록 엽록소 함량은 감소하였으며 $H_2O_2$ 함량은 증가하였다. 인지질과 당지질 모두 인공산성비에 의해 포화지방산이 증가하고 불포화지방산이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 봉선화에는 주로 3종류의 polyaimne이 존재하며 이들 모두 인공산성비의 pH가 낮을수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Catalase의 활성도 인공산성비의 pH가 낮을수록 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 인공산성비에 의해 활성산소 생성되고, 지방산의 변화를 일어나며, polyamine 증가와 catalase 활성 증가는 산성비의 피해를 최소화하기 위한 방어기작이 작용한 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1586-1592
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• 2016

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, and encapsulated bacterium in the normal flora of the intestines, mouth, skin, and food, and has decarboxylation activity, which results in generation of diamines (cadaverine, agmatine, and putrescine). However, there is no specific information on the exact mechanism of decarboxylation in K. pnuemoniae. Specifically lysine decarboxylases that generate cadaverine with a wide range of applications has not been shown. Therefore, we performed a functional study of lysine decarboxylases. Enzymatic characteristics such as optimal pH, temperature, and substrates were examined by overexpressing and purifying CadA and LdcC. CadA and LdcC from K. pneumoniae had a preference for L-lysine, and an optimal reaction temperature of 37℃ and an optimal pH of 7. Although the activity of purified CadA from K. pneumoniae was lower than that of CadA from E. coli, the activity of K. pneumoniae CadA in whole cell bioconversion was comparable to that of E. coli CadA, resulting in 90% lysine conversion to cadaverine with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate L-lysine.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1999

봄무우 유식물의 자엽과 하배축에서 저온처리동안 변화하는 polyamine(PA)의 농도를 분석하고, PA이 저온 스트레스와 관련이 있는지를 분석하였다. 자엽에서 저온 스트레스동안 putrescine(PUT)의 농도가 증가되었고, 전반적으로 PUT와 spermidine(SPD) 농도의 변화가 심하였다. 따라서 PUT와 SPD는 저온 스트레스의 조건하에서 합성되거나 또는 유리된 것이다. 그러나 spermine(SPM)의 농도에는 거의 변화가 없었다. 하배축의 대조구에는 SPD만이 존재하고, 저온 스트레스를 주면, 유리된 PA의 농다가 증가되었고, 지속된 저온 스트레스동안 PA의 농도가 급속히 감소되었다. 하배축은 일반적으로 저온처리에 매우 예민성을 나타내는 것으로보아, 자엽과 비교해서 세포내에 PA의 농도가 낮기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 자엽에서 PUT과 SPD가 저온 스트레스의 저항력에 관여하고, 하배축에서는 PA이 저온 스트레스에 대한 저항력의 증대와 아무 관련이 없는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과로 PUT와 SPD는 저온 스트레스에 대항하여 저항력을 증대시키는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the hygienic quality of commercial Kwamegi, a Korean traditional food, made from semi-dried Pacific saury. The hygienic qualities of 10 Kwamegi samples were examined from the 15 commercially available types. Samples with code 3, 4, 6, 11 and 12 were acceptable based on criteria suggested by Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (i.e. moisture below 50%, total mercury below 0.5 ppm, lead below 2.0 ppm, viable cells below $1.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g and coliform count below $1.0{\times}10^3$ MPN/100g. Peroxide value of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 15.3-104.1 meq/kg. Agmatine sulfate, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, dopamine and spermine were found in all of the 15 commercially available Kwamegi, while tryptamine and 2-phenylethylamine were not detected. Putrescine dihydrochloride was only detected in 7 samples. The histamine content of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 33-124mg/kg, which is believed to be an acceptable limit according to guidelines from other countries. Cadaverine can be used as a potential index for freshness of commercial Kwamegi as there is a good correlation between volatile basic nitrogen and biogenic amine contents.