• 제목/요약/키워드: purchasing power

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Shapley Value를 이용한 수요반응 프로그램 참여자의 전력 구매비용 절감 기여도 산정 (Shapley Value-Based Method for Calculating the Contribution of Retail Customers Participating in Demand Response Program)

  • 김지희;위영민;주성관
    • 전기학회논문지
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    • 제58권12호
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    • pp.2354-2358
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    • 2009
  • Demand response (DR) can be used to improve the efficiency of electricity markets and increase the reliability of power systems. As more utilities attempt to reduce the purchasing costs by implementing DR programs strategically, there is an increasing need for studies of how to allocate the reduced purchasing costs among DR program participants. The rebates or incentives can be given to DR program participants in proportion to the participants' contributions to the reduced purchasing costs. This paper presents Shapley Value-based method to determine the DR program participants' contributions to the reduced purchasing costs. A numerical example is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

호텔 식자재 구매관리 전략 (Strategy of Purchasing Management for Hotel Food Materials)

  • 박재완
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제7권10호
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    • pp.302-310
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구는 서울시 소재의 특1, 2등급 호텔의 식자재구매관리에 관한 실증분석을 통하여 등급간의 차이를 검증하여 이에 따른 전략을 수립하고자 하였다. 실증분석결과 식자재 구매관리 수준을 높이기 위해서는 특2급의 경우과학적 기법과 시스템이 구축되어야 하며 전문검수원의 육성과 과학적 검수방법의 활용이 개선되어야함을 알 수 있었으며, 구매계약과 효율적인 구매방법의 강구가 이루어져야 함을 알수 있었다. 저장관리 분야에 있어서는 등급간의 차이가 낮게 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 한 시사점으로는 첫째, 전산시스템을 도입하여 인력운영의 효용성을 높여야 한다. 둘째, 식자재구매 매뉴얼을 토대로 한 교육훈련이 이루어 져야 한다. 셋째, 인력순환배치를 통한 검수담당자의 전문성을 높여야 한다.

Time-varying Cointegration Models and Exchange Rate Predictability in Korea

  • PARK, SOOKYUNG;PARK, CHEOLBEOM
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.1-20
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    • 2015
  • We examine the validity of popular exchange rate models such as the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis and the monetary model for Korean won/US dollar exchange rate. Various specification tests demonstrate that Korean data are more favorable for both models based on time-varying cointegration coefficients as compared to those based on constant cointegration coefficients. When the abilities to predict future exchange rates between those models based on time-varying cointegration coefficients are compared, an in-sample analysis shows that the time-varying PPP (monetary model) has better predictive power over horizons shorter (longer) than one year. Results from an out-of-sample analysis indicate that the time-varying PPP outperforms models based on constant cointegration coefficients when predicting future exchange rate changes in the long run.

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A Robust Joint Optimal Pricing and Lot-Sizing Model

  • Lim, Sungmook
    • Management Science and Financial Engineering
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.23-27
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    • 2012
  • The problem of jointly determining a robust optimal bundle of price and order quantity for a retailer in a single-retailer, single supplier, single-product supply chain is considered. Demand is modeled as a decreasing power function of product price, and unit purchasing cost is modeled as a decreasing power function of order quantity and demand. Parameters defining the two power functions are uncertain but their possible values are characterized by ellipsoids. We extend a previous study in two ways; the purchasing cost function is generalized to take into account the economies of scale realized by higher product demand in addition to larger order quantity, and an exact transformation into an equivalent convex optimization program is developed instead of a geometric programming approximation scheme proposed in the previous study.

중국의 해외구매대행 현황과 문제점에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Status and Problem Concerning Overseas Shopping Service)

  • 오원석;이경화
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제65권
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    • pp.141-160
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    • 2015
  • With the steady growth of our nation's economy, the purchase power of our domestic citizens has continuously enhanced. In recent years, online overseas shopping has rapidly warmed up, increasing number of Chinese people have started to purchase overseas products via internet. According to China's current legislation, the imported goods are divided into goods and items based on "profitability standard", and regulated by different rules of clearance supervision and import duties. Goods can't pass through custom and pay duties in the form of items, and the import duties burden of goods is generally much heavier than that of items. Goods of entrusted overseas shopping pass through custom and pay duties in the form of items, but goods of profitable purchasing are goods, not items. Therefore, the profitable-purchasing behavior is smuggling. Although goods of unprofitable purchasing are items, unprofitable-purchasing behavior may also constitute smuggling. The author concludes that causes of smuggling crime are: huge market demand for overseas goods, lack of customs supervision, law blank of petty foreign trade, and public's misconception of entrusted overseas purchasing are the major factors. The author proposes the corresponding preventive measures against the crime, such as to establish an one-stop service system in online Shopping Mall, to modify the Passengers' Baggage Declaration Form, to establish a relatively simplified clearance system of small cargo, to establish a relatively reasonable import duties of petty trade.

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경운기의 수리비계수(修理費係數) 산정(算定)에 관한 연구(硏究) (Estimation on the Coefficient of Repair & Maintenance Costs for Power Tiller)

  • 강창호;박남종;정두호
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.143-150
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    • 1990
  • This study was conducted to estimate the ratio of Repair & Maintenance (R&M) costs to purchasing price that is one of the important factors for calculating the management costs of farm machinery. For this purpose, hour of use and R & M costs of power tiller and its attachments utilized results that were investigated with 400 sample units, 50 units by years of use from 1 to 8 years in 1988. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The ratio of R & M costs per hours and annual R & M costs, accumulated R & M costs when sercice life of power tiller is 7 years were 0.017%, 5.50% and 38.52%, respectively. And in case of rotary, these ratio when its service life is 6 years were 0.072%, 7.16% and 43.0%, respectively. 2. The relationship between accumulated hours of use(t) and accumulated R & M costs(Y) of power tiller and its attachments were $Y=19.3t^{1.3}$ in power tiller, $Y=0.03t^{2.09}$ in plow, $Y=48.84t^{1.25}$ in rotary and $Y=7.45t^{1.15}$ in trailer. 3. The ratio of accumulated R & M costs to purchasing price when service life of power tiller is 7 years was 38.5%, and in case of rotary, this ratio when its service life is 6 years was 43.0%.

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Effects of Cash and Non-Cash Communications on Brand Awareness: An Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia

  • AL-NSOUR, Iyad A.;AL-SAHLI, Saud A.
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • 제9권5호
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    • pp.507-518
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    • 2022
  • This study aimed to measure the monetary and non-monetary effects on brand awareness at hypermarkets in Riyadh. The independent variable consists of three sub-variables: price reductions, free samples, and purchasing vouchers. The research population has all Saudi and non-Saudi buyers in Riyadh. The figures show that the population size reached 3.87 million in 2019. The proportional stratification sampling technique and the recommended sample size were 387 buyers. The five-point Likert scale with the fully structured questionnaire was used. The study concldes the effect of free samples on brand awareness while there was no effect of monetary instruments. The results show that the three sales promotion incentives (price reduction, free samples, and purchasing vouchers) moderately affected brand awareness and a key role in explaining consumer behavior, so the significant impact was proved. In summary, this study showed that price reductions have the power of creating the perception of buyers at hypermarkets in Riyadh. Non-cash instruments were more effective than cash instruments in enhancing brand awareness at the hypermarkets in the Saudi market. So, the price reductions and purchasing vouchers have less power in conducting communication-based awareness. Building awareness and improving brand image through free samples were most visible in communication strategy.

An Investigation into the Impact on Voltage Sag due to Faults in Low Voltage Power Distribution Systems

  • Aggarwal R. K.
    • KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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    • 제5A권2호
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    • pp.97-102
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    • 2005
  • Voltage sags are the most widespread quality issues affecting distribution systems. This paper describes in some detail the voltage sag characteristics due to different types and locations of fault in a practical low voltage power distribution system encountered in the UK. The results not only give utility engineers very useful information when identifying parts of the system most likely to pose problems for customer equipments, but also assist the facility personnel to make decisions on purchasing power quality mitigation equipment.

A Study on Purchasing Behavior of Male Consumers in their 20s and 30s on Perfumes

  • Jun-Bok, LEE;Young-Jin, SO
    • 웰빙융합연구
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.33-36
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    • 2023
  • Purpose: This study analyzed the perfume buying behavior of 561 men in their 20s and 30s. Research design, data and methodology: The demographic characteristics of the study subjects were analyzed frequently, the use of perfumes and chi-square tests were performed to identify differences in purchasing behavior, and the Likert 5-point scale was used to measure the importance of the reasons for choosing perfumes. Results: The most commonly used perfume product was Eau de Toilette, which had statistically significant differences with age and education (p<.05). Perfumes were most commonly purchased at health and beauty stores, with statistically significant differences by age, marital status, and education (p<.05). Conclusions: The study subjects have a high purchasing power for perfume products and are proficient in using smart devices, so they have a high level of information through beauty platforms, so they need to promote online products by introducing live commerce, etc.

초등학교 고학년에서 간식 선호도, 간식구매행동, 간식섭취와의 관련성 - 성별과 TV시청시간을 중심으로 - (Interrelations Among Snack Preference, Purchasing Behaviors and Intake in Upper Grade Elementary School Students - Compared by the Gender and TV Watching Time -)

  • 허은실
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.429-441
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to examine the interrelations among snack preference, purchasing behavior and intake of fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools in Gyeongnam province. Frequency of snack intake was the highest in those who reported 'once a day' (45.6%) snack habit. Longer-time television viewers also showed higher frequency of snack intake than shorter-time viewers. Thirty-three percent of students purchased snacks by themselves and the frequency of snack purchasing had a significant positive relationship with TV watching time (p < 0.01). The main reason, place and time of eating snacks were 'hunger' (79.2%), their home environment (50.9%) and 'after school hours' (89.7%). The favorite snack was 'ice cream' and, this snack habit was significantly different by gender of the child (p < 0.01) and TV watching time (p < 0.01). 'Milk and dairy products' scored highest (3.47) in snack intake frequency among longer-time TV viewers (> 2hr) compared to shorter-time TV viewers and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The snack preference score was correlated positively (r = 0.454) with the intake frequency for snack and its explanation power ($R^2$) was 20.5%. With regard to snack purchase behaviors, the scores of 'checking the expiration date' and 'comparing the price with similar products' were high (in what group?). Female students (p < 0.001) and shorter-time TV viewers (< 2hr) (p < 0.01) had a more reasonable purchasing behavior. The total score of preference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shorter-timeTV viewers (< 2hr). In the correlation between snack purchasing behaviors and intake frequency, attractiveness (r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and preference (r = 0.330, p < 0.001) showed significant positive correlations. The result of regression analysis, preference only was selected ($R^2$= 0.108).