• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1089-1096
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• 2015

A marine helicopter should remain sufficiently upright to permit safe evacuation of all personnel with a flotation system. And the rule requires that after ditching in water, the adequate flotation time will allow the occupants to leave the rotorcraft. To this end, stability test of the emergency flotation system for Korean marine helicopter was performed by using "Froude scaling method" in water tank. Test configuration and conditions were determined in consideration of the helicopter loading condition and related specifications. Test results meet the stability requirements at sea state code 4 and sea state code 2 with puncture conditions.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand acupuncture on reduction of headache. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design. 45 middle school girls who complained of headache were selected as subjects. The study lasted from November 2002 to June 2003. There were 22 girls in the experimental group while 23 girls were control group; convenience assignment was used. The two groups were homogeneous on characteristics. The experimental group received hand acupuncture. The treatment was to puncture corresponding points (A33, B27, M1, I2) on both the palm and the back of a hand with disposable acupuncture needles, and then remove them after a 20-30 minutes recess during which the subjects reclined on a bed. The data were analyzed using the SPSS PC with Fisher's Exact -test, and Mann Whitney U-test. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) In the experimental group, objective pain decreased after hand acupuncture (U= -2.51, p= .01). As for the objective pain degree, a significant reduction in voice change was observed in the experimental groups (U= -2.35, p= .02). Facial expressional changes were observed (U= -1.87, p= .06) and perspiration degree (U= -.99, p= .32) has reduced. However, these differences were not statistically significant between the experimental and control group. 2) Subjective pain degree decreased after hand acupuncture in the experimental as compared to the control group. 3) No statistical significant difference in comfort (U= -.29, p= .78) or distress (U= -1.51, p= .13) between experimental and control group were found. Conclusion: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture is an effective method for reducing headache. Therefore, hand acupuncture can be considered as an independent nursing intervention for headache reduction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.1106-1110
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• 2003

The electrical characteristics of $A{\sim}C's$ ZnO varistors fabricated according to variable sintering condition, which sintering temperature is $l130^{\circ}C$ and speeds of pusher are A: 2mm/min, B: 4mm/min, C: 6 mm/min, respectively, were investigated. The varistor voltage of $A{\sim}C's$ ZnO varistors sintered at $1130^{\circ}C$ increased in order A < B $A{\sim}C's$ ZnO varistors exhibited below 2mA at rated voltage. Lightning impulse residual voltage of A's ZnO varistor suited standard characteristics, which is 3.85kV at 2.5kA, 4.4kV at 5kA and 5.16kV at 10kA. After multi lightning impulse residual voltage test of A's ZnO varistor exhibited good discharge characteristics which ZnO varistor reveals no evidence of puncture, flashover, cracking in visual examination. After high current impulse test of A's ZnO varistor exhibited good discharge characteristics, which variation rate of residual voltage is 0.4% before and after test, and revealed no evidence.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.219-223
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• 2000

Behcet's disease is a chronic, multisystemic disorder which is more frequently seen in the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, and Far East. The mean age at the first onset is third decades. In large series of patients, men predominate over women. Infectious agents, immune mechanisms, and genetic factors are implicated in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Eyes, skin, joints, the oral cavity, blood vessels, and central nervous system are usually involved, although less frequently the heart, lung, kidney may be affected. The prognosis of the disease has been improved because of early diagnosis and suitable treatment. Local remedies and systemic administration of colchicine, corticosteoids, immunosuppressives, and other agents have been applied. Pathergy, or skin hypersensitivity to needle puncture has been reported as a diagnostic test for Behcet's disease. We have managed a Behcet's disease patient with pathergy test & corticosteroids therapy. We have obtained good result and report this case with review of literatures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.552-556
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• 2002

The microstructure and electrical characteristics of A~C's ZnO varistors fabricated according to variable sintering condition, which sintering temperature is $1130^{\circ}C$ and speeds of pusher are A: 2mm/min, B: 4mm/min, C: 6mm/min, respectively, were investigated. In the microstructure, A~C's ZnO varist-ors fabricated variable sintering condition was consisted of ZnO grain(ZnO), spinel phase$(Zn_{2.33}Sb_{0.67}O_4)$ Bi-rich $phase(Bi_{2}O_{3})$, wholly. Varistor voltage of A~C's ZnO varistors sintered at $1130^{\circ}C$ increased in order A < B < C's ZnO varistors. C's ZnO varistor exhibited good characteristics that nonlinear exponent is 31.70. Leakage current of A~C's ZnO varistors exhibited below 2mA at rated voltage. Lightning impulse residual voltage of A's ZnO varistor suited standard characteristics, which is 3.85kV at 2.5kA, 4.4kV at 5kA and 5.16kV at 10kA. After multi lightning impulse residual voltage test of A's ZnO varistor exhibited good discharge characteristics which ZnO varistor reveals no evidence of puncture, flashover, cracking in visual examination. After high current impulse test of A's ZnO varistor exhibited good discharge characteristics, which variation rate of residual voltage is 0.4% before and after test, and revealed no evidence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 1997

Cardiac catheterization has become a routine diagnostic procedure indicated for evaluation of a wide variety of cardiac conditions. Patients are admitted to the coronary care unit after cardiac catheterization. These conscious patients used to report discomfort in the CCU, but no studies have been done to reduce discomfort induced by bed rest, sand bag on the femoral puncture site and restricted mobility for about 20 hours postprocedure. The main objective of thesis is to provide basic data to nursing on interventions which decrease discomfort perceived by patients in the CCU following cardiac catheterization. The subjects were 79 patients following cardiac catheterization who were admitted to the CCU of a general hospital in Inchon. These patients were divided into a massage-applied group, an exercise-applied group and an contrast group. Questionare was prepared by Lee(1995), and tested for content reliability by item analysis : Cron bach's ${\alpha}$ for the instrument measuring discomfort was. 63. The data were collected from January 25 to May 15, 1996. Analysis of data was done by paired t-test, ANOVA ,SNK test, Chi-square test. The results of the study are summarized as follows : 1. There were no significant differences among a massage-applied group, an exercise-applied group and an contrast group according to general information except religion and admission period. 2. There were found no significant differences among the three groups in the results of pretest (The score of the first : 55.5, the second : 54.3 and the last : 51.6), 3. In the degree of discomfort according to general characteristics were found some significant differences for marital status. But there were no significant differences for sex, age, occupation, number of family, religion, educational status and admission period. 4. There was effect on reduced discomfort with massage or exercise following cardiac catheterization.

• Carbon letters
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• v.21
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• pp.23-32
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• 2017

A drop weight impact test was conducted in this study to analyze the mechanical and thermal properties caused by the changes in the ratio of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) to ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) laminations. The ratios of CFRP to EVA were changed from 10:0 (pure CFRP) to 9:1, 8:2, 6:4, and 5:5 by manufacturing five different types of samples, and at the same time, the mechanical/thermal properties were analyzed with thermo-graphic images. As the ratio of the CFRP lamination was increased, in which the energy absorbance is dispersed by the fibers, it was more likely for the brittle failure mode to occur. In the cases of Type 3 through Type 5, in which the role of the EVA sheet is more prominent because it absorbs the impact energy rather than dispersing it, a clear form of puncture failure mode was observed. Based on the above results, it was found that all the observation values decreased as the EVA lamination increased compared with the CFRP lamination. The EVA lamination was thus found to have a very important role in reducing the impact. However, the strain and temperature were inversely propositional.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 2006

Purpose: To analyze the newly developed vacuum assisted auto-lancing technique applied to the forearm for the purpose of obtaining an adequate blood sample for glucose test with minimal pain. Methods: Visual and facial pain measures were introduced to compare lancing pain between the forearm and fingertip in 58 normal females. Sampled blood volumes were accurately measured by computer scanning technique. Results: Visual pain measure demonstrated significant pain reduction effect of the forearm sampling compared with the traditional fingertip sampling, which was also consistent with facial pain measure results. Blood volume more than $0.5{\mu}L$, enough for blood glucose testing with modern glucometers, was collected in 399(86%) of 464 forearm samples. Conclusions: Capillary blood sampling could be performed with minimal pain on the forearm by the newly developed vacuum assisted auto-lancing technique. With some resampling when necessary, the forearm sampling seemed very useful, considering almost no pain felt by the patients.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2024

Background: In pediatric dentistry, fear and anxiety are common among children. Local anesthetics (LA) are widely used to control pain and reduce discomfort in children during dental treatment. Topical anesthetics play a vital role in reducing pain and the unpleasant sensation of a needle puncture in children. Peppermint oil has been extensively used for various diseases. However, its anesthetic properties remain unknown. Peppermint oil, used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, and other topical preparations has analgesic, anesthetic, and antiseptic properties. This study aimed to compare and evaluate pain perception following the topical application of peppermint oil versus lignocaine spray before an intraoral injection in children, aged 8-13 years. Method: Fifty-two children, aged between 8-13 years, who required local anesthesia for dental treatment were divided into two groups of 26 each by simple random sampling (Group 1: 0.2% peppermint oil and Group 2: lignocaine spray). In both groups, physiological measurements (e.g., heart rate) were recorded using pulse oximetry before, during, and after the procedure. Objective pain measurement (Sound Eye Motor (SEM) scale) during administration and subjective measuremeant (Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS)) after LA administration were recorded. This was followed by the required treatment of the child. Physiological parameters were compared between the two groups using an independent t-test for intergroup assessment and a paired t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA for intragroup comparisons. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the pain scores. Results: Intragroup mean heart rates, before, during, and after treatment were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). However, the intergroup mean pulse rates did not differ significantly between the two groups. The mean WBFPS score in the lignocaine spray group was 4.133 ± 2.06 was statistically different from that of the peppermint oil group (0.933 ± 1.03; P < 0.001^*). The mean SEM score was significantly lower in the peppermint oil group than that in the lignocaine spray group (P = 0.006). No negative effects were observed in this study. Conclusion: 0.2% peppermint oil was effective in reducing pain perception.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1871-1876
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• 2004

We demonstrate a novel fabrication technology for the microneedle array that can be used in the medical test field, which is transdermal drug delivery and blood analyte sampling. Previous researchers have used silicon-processed micromachining, a reactive ion etching, and molding techniques for the fabrication of microneedle array. However, these fabrication techniques have somewhat limitations apply to the microneedle array fabrication according to its application. Inclined LIGA process is suggested to overcome these problems. This process provides easier, sharper and longer out-of-plane microneedle array structure than conventional silicon-processed fabrication method did. Additionally, because of the advantage of the LIGA process based on mold fabrication for mass production, the polymer, PMMA(PolyMethylMethAcrylate), based microneedle array is useful as the mold base of nickel electroplating process; on the other hand, silicon-processed microneedle array is used in itself. In this research, we fabricate different types of out-of-plane microneedle array, which have different shape of tip, base and hole structure, using the inclined LIGA process. The fabricated microneedles have proper mechanical strength, height and sharpness to puncture human hand epidermis or dermis with less pain and without needle tip break during penetrating the skin.