• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2011

Objectives : The pulse diagnosis is an important method in Oriental Medicine. The aim of this study is to measure the similarity of the diagnosis by a traditional method using doctor's hand for feeling of pulse and by pulse diagnosis apparatus using Hwang-Je (HJ) pulse analyser, Hui-Su (HS) pulse analyser on Chon, Kwan and Chuk. Methods : Four korean medical doctors and HJ pulse analyser, HS pulse analyser have measured the speed (遲數), the size (微細弱緩大), and the depth (浮沈) of pulse waves of 23 volunteers. First, four korean medical doctors measured pulse waves of volunteers. And then, the pulse waves of volunteers were measured by HJ pulse analyser, HS pulse analyser. This was performed on the right Chon, Kwan and Chuk. Results : The traditional method and the HJ pulse analyser method had the 60.9% matches on the values of the pulse speed condition, the HS pulse analyser method had the 78.3% matches on the values of the pulse speed condition. The traditional method and the HJ pulse analyser method had the 56.5% (Chon), 65.2% (Kwan), 78.3% (Chuk) matches on the values of the pulse size condition, the HS pulse analyser method had the 65.2% (Chon), 13.0% (Kwan), 39.1% (Chuk) matches on the values of the pulse size condition. The traditional method and the HJ pulse analyser method had the 43.5% (Chon), 26.1% (Kwan), 47.8% (Chuk) matches on the values of the pulse depth condition, the HS pulse analyser method had the 45.5% (Chon), 30.4% (Kwan), 36.8% (Chuk) matches on the values of the pulse depth condition. Conclusions : According to these results, we suggest that the pulse analyser is necessary to develope for its high similarities with the traditional pulse diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.91-99
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of our investigation is to determine degrees of concordance rate among interpreters. Furthermore, we have examined how much concordance rate to come out when beginners have been compared with the pulse analyzer. Methods : Thirty-nine volunteers were enrolled for this study. These subjects took a 5-minute rest in a sitting position as instructed by the protocol. As they were not allowed to move or speak, radial artery pulse conditions were measured on the lower arm of each subject by means of the pulse analyzer under investigation. Two Korean medical doctors, who did not know the status of default pulse conditions, were also instructed to intuitively choose the most corresponding one in comparison with 13 default pulse conditions. Subsequently, we investigated results between interpreters as well as results between interpreter and pulse analyzer. Results : The total concordance rate, with similar concordance rates being included, between interpreters, between interpreter A and pulse analyzer, and between interpreter B and pulse analyzer was 56.4%, 79.5%, and 71.8% respectively. In faint fine weak pulse(微細弱脈) case, interpreter A and B selected 6 and 7 cases respectively, matched the concordance rate 5, and corresponded separately with the pulse analyzer interpreting 8 cases. Conclusions : In case of skipping pulse 2(促2脈), short pulse(短脈), faint fine weak pulse(微細弱脈), the concordance between interpreters also matches with results drawn from the pulse analyzer. The concordance rate goes higher in proportion with such smaller pulse conditions as faint fine weak pulse(微細弱脈) and short pulse(短脈).

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to gain the objective indicators for the classification of hypertension by oriental medical pulse diagnosis, through finding out the parameters which can distinguish the pulse of hypertensive patient from that of normal subject, and characterizes the wiry pulse of hypertension. Methods: 30-59 yr, male, 946 healthy volunteers and 35 hypertensive patients were enrolled in this study. All the hypertensive patients were taking medicine to control the blood pressure and the blood pressure of the hypertension group was not statistically different from that of the normal healthy group. Data were acquired using 3 dimensional pulse imaging analyser(DMP-3000, DAEYOMEDI, KOREA) and analysed according to the age bands and the applied pressure levels. Results: 1. RAI/t, w/t and t2/t decreased with the levels of applied pressure and increased with age in the normal healthy group, not in the hypertension group. 2. RAI/t, w/t, t2/t were significantly higher in the hypertension group than the normal healthy group in the 30-age band, and elasticity coefficient was higher in the hypertension group than the normal healthy group in the 40-age band. 3. Researches on the patients without hypotensive agents are needed to figure out whether these parameters are the components of hypertensive wiry pulse. Conclusions: Analysing the radial pulse at 5 applied pressure levels using 3 dimensional pulse imaging analyser may be useful to differentiate the pulses of the hypertensive patients from those of the normal subjects, and characterize the hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.62-69
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• 1996

Interpolator is a very important element in NC machines in that it controls tool path and speed. In this paper, studied were extensive interpolation characteristics of reference pulse method among various interpolation and pulse generation methods. Specifically, processing speed and path error of DDA, SPD and SFG methods were compared and analyzed against line, circle and elipse. As a result, in the point of processing speed, SPD method was found to be the best for line interpolation, SFG method for circle and ellipse, and DDA method was found to be the slowest for all paths. In the point of path error, DDA method was found to have the biggest error for all kinds of paths.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of interpretation and reproducibility of a pulse analyser (MAXMAC27-Plus). Methods : 38 of 40 volunteers completed the pulse analysis consecutively. Three Korean medical doctors who had at least 2 years of clinical experience interpreted the pulse waves for 3 aspects of size, depth and shape, then inter-rater reliability and crude agreement was obtained. Reinterpretation was done 2 weeks later and intra-rater reliability and crude agreement was obtained. Intra-rater reliability and crude agreement between 1st and 2nd measurement was calculated. Cohen's weighted kappa for size, Cohen's kappa for depth and shape were used as statistical analysis. Results : Inter-rater reliability of size, depth and shape among 3 raters was 0.598, 0.604, and 0.312, respectively, showing moderate to substantial agreement. Average intra-rater reliability between 1st and 2nd interpretation of size, depth and shape was 0.806, 0.705, and 0.638, respectively, showing substantial to almost perfect agreement. However, intra-rater reliability between consecutive measurements of size, depth and shape was 0.221, 0.121, and 0.194, respectively, which showed only poor to fair agreement. Conclusions : Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of one pulse wave showed relatively high concordance. Training by a clinical expert may effect better concordance among raters. Test-retest reliability showed poor agreement. Improvement of measurement technique and device performance will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2010

Objectives: The information on the depth where pulse wave appears is as important as pulse waveform. The aim of this study was to classify pulse pattern using pressure-height(P-H) volume-curve by 5 applied pressure levels to find out the information on the depth of pulse and interpret the floating & sinking pulse in oriental medical pulse diagnosis. Methods: We used 3 dimensional pulse imaging analyser (DMP-3000, DAEYOMEDI Co., Korea), which measures radial pulse waveforms noninvasively by way of tonometric method at 5 applied pressure levels, and shows P-H volume-curves by applied pressure. 448 subjects were enrolled, pulse waveforms were measured and the P-H volume-curves were gained on the three locations of Chon, Kwan, and Cheok. Results: Gained P-H volume curves were classified into 3 types ; increase type, decrease type, and increase-decrease type. Increase-decrease type appeared more often on Chon and Kwan, while increase type appeared more often on Cheok. In a few cases, decrease-type appeared on Chon and Kawn, however it never appeared on Cheok. Conclusions: Through the classification of pulse by P-H volume-curve, we gained the information on the depth of pulse. We speculate the decrease type as floating pulse, the increase-decrease type as middle pulse, and the increase type as sinking pulse in oriental medical pulse diagnosis. After more researches on P-H volume-curve by applied pressure, the P-H volume-curve may be used as an important factor for pulse diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.200-215
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences of pulse wave parameter between the non delivery group (single women with no childbirth experience) and the delivery group (married women who gave birth(s) in delivery). Methods : Sixty one healthy (non delivery) nulliparous women and fifty three delivery women participated in this study. We used 3 dimensional pulse analyser(3D MAC, DAEYOMEDI co., Korea), which measures radial pulse waveform non-invasively by way of tonometry method at 5 different applied pressure levels. From 114 subjects enrolled, pulse wave parameters were measured on the six locations of Chon, Kwan and Cheok of each hands. Results : Delivery group's pulse showed larger values in the following pulse wave parameters (Energy, Ap, RAI, As, Aw, h1, h2, h4, h4/h1, t, t1, t2, t4, Wm, Wm/t). Non delivery group's pulse indicated larger values in the pulse wave parameters such as Energy of left Chon, difference pulse energy between left and right hand, Ad, h5, h5/h1, t5. Conclusions : According to the analysis result, delivery group's pulse has bigger values in most part of pulse wave parameters, especially in Kwan and Cheok which correspond to Liver, Kidney, and Myeong-mun. We interpret these results that delivery women are more mature and stable in reproductive organs than non delivery group, as they have experienced delivery(deliveries) and child-caring through married life.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.79-89
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study is to propose the W area of pulse (AW) as a new index which can confirm the arteriosclerosis by analyzing parameters of 5-level pressure pulse waveform measurement system for normotensive group according to aging. Methods : We measured radial pulse waveforms of normotensive group (20 to 60 years old) using 3-dimensional pulse imaging analyser (DMP-3000, DAEYOMEDI Co., Korea). And then we analyzed various parameters for sclerosis of the arteries such as Height (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5), Time (t1, t2, t3, t4, t5), AW, AW rate, Total area of pulse (At) and Augmentation Index (AIx). Results : As a result of analyzing parameters according to the aging, h2, h3, AS (systolic area rate to AT), AIx and AW were increased but t2/t, t3/t, t5/t and AD (diastolic area rate to AT) were decreased. Conclusions : We checked blood vessel conditions for normotensive group according to aging and confirmed various parameters. Also, we found that AW was analogous to AIx which has been used for diagnosing arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, we confirmed the usefulness of AW as a new parameter for checking vessel condition and characteristic compared with the AIx.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.281-287
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• 1984

In search for a method of evaluating the cardiopulmonary function. 74 male and 33 female volunteers ages $18{\sim}25$ were subjected to this study The subjects walked on a treadmill at speed of 2,4,6 and 8km/hr with 0,5,10,15,20 and 25% grade of inclination, respectively, for a measurement of heart rate and oxygen-pulse. Heart rate was measured every 5 seconds at resting state and during walking by telemetric method using Heart Checker 108 System (Senoh Co., Japan). Oxygen concentration was measured by Douglas bag method collecting expired air for 5 minutes at rest, and for 2 minutes at the end of each walking exercise. Oxygen concentration in an expired air was analyzed with Orzat gas analyser and expressed in terms of STPD. Oxygen-pulse was defined as an amount of oxygen consumed at every heart at a cellular level. The followings were the results obtained from this study. 1. Mean values of oxygen-pulse at resting state was $3.1{\pm}0.11ml/beat$ in male and $2.5{\pm}0.87ml/beat$ in female, respectively. 2. Mean values of oxygen-pulse during treadmill walking were increased in proportion with the load of exercise, namely, the speed and grade of inclination, from minimum of 7.1ml/beat upto maximum of 18.2ml/beat in male and from minimum of 4.2ml/beat upto maximum of 12,7ml/beat in female. 3. Both linear and logarithmic regressional relationships between oxygen-pulse and speed of walking and grade of inclination were observed in both sexes. Predicted values of oxygen-pulse by logarithmic regressional formula on speed and on grade of inclination were better coincided with the measured values than those predicted by the linear regressional formula.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.121-130
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• 2016

Objectives : Recently, people who have normal brachial blood pressure(BP) are being threatened by high-risk disease such as stroke. The aim of this study is to suggest that new method to assess systemic circulation. It can be performed by analyzing optimal blood pulse wave on 3 sites belonging to subjects that have normal BP. Methods : We respectively extracted main peaks(h1) of optimal blood pulse wave on left/right temporal artery(LR1=h1), radial artery(LR2=h1) and dorsalis pedis artery(LR3=h1). We obtained h1 from 30 subjects who are discreetly chosen and have normal BP. Main peak(h1) can be extracted by using 3D pulse imaging analyser(DMP-1000+, DAEYOMEDI Co., Korea) that has 5-level pressure method. We analyzed the ratio of [LR1/LR2] and [LR3/LR2]. Results : In the case of male group, the results are [LR1/LR2=0.7100.177] and [LR3/LR2=0.9290.317]. In the case of female group, the results are [LR1/LR2=0.6680.121] and [LR3/LR2=0.7050.195]. Especially, it is statistically verified that the result of ratio [LR3/LR2] is much higher in male group than in female group(p<0.05). Conclusions : We suggested the standard ratio of [LR1/LR2] and [LR3/LR2] for normal subjects, respectively. It can be adopted as a new method to evaluate the systemic circulation.