• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.525-549
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• 2020

여성에 대한 태도가 양가적인 속성(적대적인 태도와 온정적인 태도)을 지니는 것처럼, 남성에 대한 태도도 양가적인 속성을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 한국 사회에서 여성혐오대 남성혐오로 인한 성별 갈등이 심화되고 있지만, 대부분의 국내 연구들은 여성에 대한 태도에만 초점을 맞추고 있어, 남성에 대한 양가적 태도를 측정하는 국내 척도가 부재한 실정이다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 미국에서 개발되어 사용되고 있는 '남성에 대한 양가적 태도 척도'(The Ambivalence toward Men Inventory: AMI)를 한국어로 번안 및 타당화하였다. 이를 위해, 연구 표본 1(대학생 183명), 연구 표본 2(대학생 300명), 연구 표본 3(성인 317명)을 대상으로 탐색적 및 확인적 요인 분석을 실시하였고, 그 결과, 2개의 하위요인(남성에 대한 적대적인 태도, 남성에 대한 온정적인 태도), 16문항이 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 수렴타당도와 준거타당도를 확인한 결과, 한국어판 남성에 대한 양가적 태도 척도(The Korean Version of the Ambivalence toward Men Inventory: K-AMI)는 한국인에게 사용하기에 타당한 도구로 확인되었다. K-AMI의 내적합치도도 .830~.917로 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2020

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the experiences of mothers who have abandoned their additional birth plans since their first child was born. Methods: During in-depth interviews, mothers were asked to recall their own experiences of motherhood. The interview data were analyzed using the grounded theory. Results: The central phenomenon was 'The burden of raising a child is too heavy for mothers to carry alone.' The causal conditions were 'First experience: Unpredictable life', 'Physical and psychological difficulty', and 'Spouse's absence.' The contextual conditions were 'Expectations and reality of parenting' and 'Workplace conditions.' The mothers used interaction strategies of 'Defusing conflict only on a surface level: Giving up', 'Reliance on grandmothers', and 'Downgrading career aspirations.' These strategies were mediated by intervening conditions, 'Stereotypes and experiences of non-family nanny', 'Child's development', and 'Family conflict.' The results were 'Endless guilt', 'Ambivalence between independence versus interdependence' and 'Unfairness: Why only me?' Finally, the process of psychological conflict was identified to account for the steps leading mothers to give up on their birth plans. Conclusion/Implications: During the first experience of motherhood, mothers' conflict gets escalated despite their struggles. These experiences might discourage their additional birth plans. These results provide implications for policies to increase fertility rates.

• 아동학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.163-180
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• 1996

Employing an ethnographic approach, this case study analyzed the psychological welfare of 2 teenage and one early-twenties heads of family. The subjects were Sun-Ju (female, age 22, seamstress), Ji-Hyun (female, age 14, junior high school student), and Seung-Hwan (male, age 16, junior high school student). This study was processed between 9 March 1996 and 11 May 1996. The results show that teenage and early-twenties heads of family have ambivalent feelings, meaning two extreme psychological conditions that are not consistent. Three types of teenage-early twenties heads of family ambivalence were caused by diverse role dimensions (e.g., nursing, supporter, beneficiary, and independent subject roles). Revision of the present welfare system, particularly the protection system For teenage-early twenties heads of family was recommended. Further research is also needed to determine various factors harmful to their psychological welfare.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.115-136
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• 2007

본 연구는 개인적 어려움과 사회적 갈등을 심화시킬 수 있는 정서 표현의 어려움을 지닌 사람들이 상담장면에서 보이는 모습에 대한 이해와 효과적인 개입을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 정서표현갈등과 상담자 지각이 작업동맹에 주는 영향을 확인하였다. 분석대상은 대학교 학생생활상담소, 청소년상담실, 사설 상담 기관에서 상담을 받고 있는 97명의 내담자들이였고, 측정도구는 정서표현갈등 질문지, 상담자 평가 질문지, 작업동맹 질문지를 사용하였다. 분석결과 정서표현갈등은 작업동맹과 관련이 없었다. 그러나 상담자 지각은 작업동맹과 유의미한 관련이 있었다. 상담자 지각이 긍정적일수록 작업동맹이 더 잘 형성되었다. 상담자 지각의 하위요인들이 작업동맹에 미치는 영향을 확인한 결과, 호감도가 유의미한 관련이 있었고, 전문성은 유의미한 경향성이 있었으나, 신뢰성은 관련이 없었다. 작업동맹에 대한 정서표현갈등과 상담자 지각 간의 상호작용도 유의미하였다. 정서표현갈등이 높은 내담자는 상담자 지각이 긍정적인 경우에 작업동맹이 더 잘 형성된다는 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 정서표현갈등이라는 성격적 요인보다는 상담자를 어떻게 지각하느냐가 작업동맹과 관련된다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.321-341
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• 2011

본 연구는 운전자가 면대면 상황에서보다 익명상황에서 난폭운전을 더 많이 하는지와 익명상황에서 난폭운전을 많이 하는 운전자와 적게 하는 운전자 사이에 운전분노, 정서표현갈등 등의 내적 특성에서 어떤 차이가 있는지 살펴보았다. 연구 1에서 운전자 총 200명을 대상으로 조사를 실시한 결과, 면대면 상황에서보다 익명상황에서 난폭운전 수준이 더 높았다. 이어, 연구 2에서 운전자 총 384명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였는데 익명상황의 난폭운전에 대해 이단계 군집분석을 실시한 결과, 응답자는 세 군집으로 나뉘어졌다. 익명상황에서 난폭운전을 많이 하는 운전자일수록 운전분노, 정서표현갈등 전체, 정서표현갈등의 하위 요인 중 자기방어적 양가성 요인의 수준이 높았다. 따라서 익명상황에서 난폭운전을 많이 하는 운전자가 운전분노를 많이 느끼며, 평소 정서를 잘 표현하지 못하고 갈등을 하는 경향이 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구 결과는 난폭운전자에게 무조건적인 교통단속만을 행하기보다는 운전자 본인이 가진 문제점을 되돌아 볼 수 있게 하는 근본적인 대책 또한 필요하다는 것을 말해준다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.131-159
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• 2014

Corporate rebranding has been evident in the qualitative corporate rebranding studies as an imposed organizational change that induces mixed reactions and ambivalent attitudes among consumers. Corporate rebranding for the established and familiar corporate brands leads to more ambivalent attitudes as these companies represent larger targets for disparaging information. Consumers are found to hold both positive and negative reactions toward companies and brands that they are familiar with. Nevertheless, the imposed change assumption and ambivalent attitude, in particular corporate rebranding, have never been widely explored in the quantitative corporate rebranding studies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive empirical examination of the ambivalence towards rebrandingrebranded brand attitude-purchase intention relationships. The author proposes that corporate rebranding for familiar corporate brands is a double-edged sword that not only raises the expectation for better performance, but also induces conflicted and ambivalent attitudes among consumers. These consumers' ambivalent attitudes are influenced by both the parent brands-related and general attitude factors which further affect their rebranded brand attitude and purchase intention. A total of 156 useable questionnaires were collected from Malaysian working adults; and two established Malaysian airfreight operators were utilized as the focal parent brands. The study found a significant impact of prior parent brand attitudes on ambivalence towards rebranding (ATR). The parent brand attitudes served as anchors in influencing how new information was processed (Mazaheri et al., 2011; Sherif & Hovland, 1961) and closely related to behavioral intention (Prislin & Quellete, 1996). The ambivalent attitudes experienced were higher when individuals held both positive and negative reactions toward the parent brands. Consumers also held higher ambivalent attitudes when they preferred one of the parent brands; while disliked the other brand. The study also found significant relationships between the lead brand and the rebranded brand attitude; and between the partner brands and ATR. The familiar but controversial partner brand contributed significantly to the ambivalent attitudes experienced; while the more established lead brand had significant impact on the rebranded brand attitude. The lead and partner brands, though both familiar, represented different meanings to consumers. The author attributed these results to the prior parent brand attitudes, the skepticism and their general ambivalence toward the corporate rebranding. Both general attitude factors (i.e. skepticism and general ambivalence towards rebranding) were found to have significant positive impacts on ATR. Skeptical individuals questioned the possibility of a successful rebranding (Chang, 2011) and were more careful with their evaluations toward 'too god to be true' or 'made in heaven' pair of companies. The embedded general ambivalent attitudes that people held toward rebranding could be triggered from the associative network by the ambiguous situation (Prislin & Quellete, 1996). In addition, the ambivalent rebranded brand attitude was found to lower down purchase intention, supporting Hanze (2001), Lavine (2001) and van Harreveld et al. (2009)'s studies. Ambivalent individuals were found to prefer delay decision making by choosing around the mid-ranged points in 'willingness to buy' scale. The study provides several marketing implications. Ambivalence management is proven to be important to corporate rebranding to minimize the ambivalent attitudes experienced. This could be done by carefully controlling the parent brands-related and general attitude factors. The high ambivalent individuals are less confident with their own conflicted attitudes and are motivated to get rid of the psychological discomfort caused by these conflicted attitudes (Bell & Esses, 2002; Lau-Gesk, 2005; van Harreveld et al., 2009). They tend to process information more deeply (Jonas et al., 1997; Maio et al., 2000; Wood et al., 1985) and pay more attention to message that provides convincible arguments. Providing strong, favorable and convincible message is hence effective in alleviating consumers' ambivalent attitudes. In addition, brand name heuristic could be utilized because the rebranding strategy sends important signal to consumers about the changes that happen or going to happen. The ambivalent individuals will pay attention to both brand name heuristic and rebranding message in their effort to alleviate the psychological discomfort caused by ambivalent attitudes. The findings also provide insights to Malaysian and airline operators for a better planning and implementation of corporate rebranding exercise.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.101-118
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• 2019

감정표현불능증은 자신의 감정을 인식하고 그것을 언어로 표현하는데 어려움을 느끼는 증상을 의미한다. 동양인들의 감정표현불능증 수준은 서양인들에 비해 일반적으로 높은 것으로 보고되어 왔다. 최근 미국에서 진행된 한 조사연구는 동양인의 높은 감정표현불능증 수준이 집단주의 문화에서 발달하는 상호협조적 자기관의 영향이라고 제안하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국 대학생들의 상호독립적 및 상호협조적 자기관과 감정표현불능증 수준 및 정서표현양가성과 정서억제의 관계를 살펴보았다. 상관관계 분석 결과, 한국 대학생들의 감정표현불능증 수준은 상호협조적 자기관과 상관이 없었으며, 오히려 상호독립적 자기관과 뚜렷한 부적 상관을 보였다. 게다가 상호독립적 자기관은 정서표현양가성 및 정서억제와도 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 상호독립적 자기관과 감정표현불능 수준의 부적 관계에 대한 정서표현양가성 및 정서억제의 이중 매개모형을 설정하고, Hayes와 Preacher (2014)의 Process 분석을 통해 매개효과를 추정하였다. 그 결과 상호독립적 자기관의 결핍은 감정표현불능증 수준을 높이는 직접효과도 유의하고, 정서표현양가성과 정서억제를 매개로 한 간접효과도 유의하였다. 추가적으로 간접효과를 분석하였을 때, 정서표현양가성의 단일 매개효과와 정서표현양가성을 경유한 정서억제의 이중매개효과가 유의하고, 정서억제에 의한 단일 매개효과는 유의하지 않았다. 이는 상호독립적 자기관 수준이 낮을수록, 정서표현양가성이 높아져서, 혹은 높아진 정서표현양가성이 정서억제 수준을 높여 감정표현불능수준에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 나타낸다. 본 연구의 결과는 현재 한국대학생들이 겪는 감정표현의 어려움이 전통적인 집단주의 문화의 상호협조적 자기관에서 기인한다기 보다, 상호독립적 자기관의 결핍에서 유발되며, 높은 정서표현갈등과 과도한 정서억제로 이어져 감정표현불능 수준을 높일 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.179-196
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• 2001

According to Formalist theory, form is not separate from content. Form does not merely convey or express content but can itself produce meaning. The close correlation of the narrative structure, more specifically the time structure of the narrative, and the narrative style of Kim Seung-Ok′s short story′"Travel in Mujin" provides a good example of this argument. The story opens with the first-person narrator, currently living in the bustling city of Seoul, back in his small provincial home town Mujin, where he brings up memories that had been hitherto suppressed. The revived memories are ordered into the narrator′s present thought structure, in effect bridging the vast psychological rift between the lost past and the present. The narrator′s travel in Mujin thus becomes a psychological journey, and Mujin becomes a psychological space where the narrator can experience the continuity of his own being. The "narrating I" excludes the principles of reality from his narrative, concentrating on the inner thoughts, recollections, psychological experience, and the level of consciousness of the "narrated I." This narrative attitude or style expresses the narrator-protagonist′s acceptance and affirmation of the thoughts and actions occur in Mujin (which he had till now been resistant to). It is also an affirmation of the narrative act itself. Before the travel back to Mujin, the narrator-protagonist′s thoughts about his home town was ambivalent-an attitude originating from nostalgia, together with the narrator-protagonist′s ambivalent attitude toward his youthful past. It is a reflection of the narrator-protagonist′s desire for purity intermingled with a disdain for his enervated existence in Seoul. This ambivalence is resolved by the "I" of the narrative present, and Mujin enables him to come to a renewed affirmation of his life.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2000

The study was done by applying a phenomenological study, which is qualitative research methods, in order to understand the meaning of the lived experiences, to confirm and describe the meaning structure, and to prepare nursing interventive strategies centering around the meanings of the inpatients' families in the intensive care units. In the study, the family members were the main important nursing providers for in the inpatients' who were admitted in the neurosurgical intensive care unit in K-university hospital and who agreed to participate in the study after being given on explanation about the purpose of the study. The data were collected from the seven participants who had feelings of trust and intimacy favorable toward the researcher as they were families of patients who had been cared for by the researcher in the ICU where the researcher has been assigned. The data were collected from April to October, 1999. The participants described their experiences as candidly as possible. The researcher described closely the lived experiences with their own words and the observations of the researcher. A tape recorder was used with the consent of the participants to prevent nursing information and communication. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi; as an unit of description, which include the participants' expressions and the researcher's observations, the analysis was used based on the data described from the expressions of the participants and the details of observations of the researcher. The conclusions of the study were as follows : The meanings of the lived experience of the inpatients' families in the ICU was confirmed by indepth interviews and observations including these of the participatants : (1) Psychological impact: confusion, impatience, surprise, insensibility; (2) Physical suffering: fatigue, discomfort, indigestion; (3) Psychological suffering: heartbreaking emotion, anxiety, annoyance, fear, compassion, grief; (4) Economical suffering: economical difficulties; (5) Psychological disagreement: escape from reality, personnel avoidance, grudge, powerlessness, carefulness, transposition of life-tract, abandonment, role-crisis, hope, lack of understanding, regret, feeling of ambivalence(progressive process, medical personnel interest); (6) Psychological dependency; self-reliance group support, family support, religious support; (7) Psychological acceptance; acquaintance, gratitude, reassurance; The study will offer better understanding of experiences therefore, based on the experiences confirmed by the study, it may facilitate more appropriate nursing interventive strategies for health maintenance and to prevent occurrence of possible problems with the inpatients' families in the ICUs.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.288-299
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• 1999

The purpose of this research was to understand the dysmenorrhea experience of women. To do this work, we asked 9 women a lot of questions about dysmenorrhea. The interviews were carried out from JUL 1, 1998 through JUL 30, 1998. They were audio-recorded and analyzed using Van kaam's Phenomenological method. Results were as follows. One hundreds forty two descriptive expression were found and they were grouped under twenty common factors. twenty common factors were grouped under six higher categories. Two common factors, "Physical pain", "Physical Discomfort" were grouped under . Three common factors, "Receptively of Femininity", "Women's Persecution", "Mystery of Femininity" were grouped under . Three common factors, "Emotional Anxiety", "Disgust of Pain", "Solitude" were grouped under . Two common factors, "Coping with Pain Relief", "Fear of Pain relief method" were grouped under . One common factors "Beauty" were grouped under , One common factors, "Singularity" were grouped under . As Dysmenorrhea Experience of Women's authors recommend further studies on Women's Dysmenorrhea Experience and go into details nursing intervention of Dysmenorrhea relief method.