• Title/Summary/Keyword: provisional tolerable weekly intake

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Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals Migrated from Glassware on the Korean Market (국내 유통 식품용 유리제의 중금속 노출 평가)

  • Kim, Eunbee;Hwang, Joung Boon;Lee, Jung Eun;Choi, Jae Chun;Park, Se-Jong;Lee, Jong Kwon
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.15-21
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of our study was to investigate the migration level of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and barium (Ba) from glassware into a food simulant and to evaluate the exposure of each element. The test articles were glassware, including tableware, pots, and other containers. Pb, Cd, and Ba were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The analytical performance of the method was validated in terms of its linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, precision, and uncertainty. The monitoring was performed for 110 samples such as glass cups, containers, pots, and bottles. a food simulant. Migration test was conducted at 25? for 24 hours in a dark place using 4% acetic acid as a food simulant. Based on the data; exposure assessment was carried out to compare the estimated daily intake (EDI) to the human safety criteria. The risk levels of Pb and Ba determined in this study were approximately 1.9% and 0.3% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) value, respectively, thereby indicating a low exposure to the population.

A study on the Establishment of Korean PTWI for Cadmium Based on The Epidemiological Data (국내역학조사에 기초한 한국인의 카드뮴 PTWI 설정 연구)

  • Choi, Chan-Woong;Moon, Jin-Hyun;Park, Hyoung-Su;Ryeom, Tai-Kyung;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Lee, Hyo-Min
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.378-384
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    • 2009
  • There are differences of Cadmium (Cd) urinary concentration which is considered as indicator of renal tubular dysfunction in other countries, so we have reviewed domestic epidemiological data and suggested Korean health based guidance value (HBGV) for Cd to improve an efficiency of risk management. We decided to apply the WHO calculation model which considered the relationship between dietary intake and Cd concentration in urine sample. It is determined that Cd concentration 2.5 ug/g creatinine in urine as the prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction based on epidemiological data, because there is no renal tubular dysfunction and injury/lesion such as proteinuria at the concentration of 11.63 ug/g creatinine which is the highest Cd concentration in urine from the domestic epidemiological data. It is identified that the ratio between the Cd dietary consumption (8.3~10.4 ug/day) and Cd urinary concentration (0.38 ug/g creatinine) in Korean adult who predicting never been exposed to Cd are 21.8~27.3 and then it is applied to the corresponding model suggested by WHO. Also it is applied that 10% of bioavailability and 50% of excretion rate of absorbed to body (the ratio is 24) were assumed. The estimate of daily Cd consumption level which begins tubular dysfunction is 1 ug/kg bw/day, so we suggest the Korean provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) as 7 ug/kg bw/week.

Risk Assessment for Heavy Metals in Korean Foods and Livestock Foodstuffs (한국인의 대표식품 및 축산식품에 대한 중금속 위해도 평가)

  • Kwon, Young-Min;Lee, Kyoung-Hee;Lee, Haeng-Shin;Park, Seon-Oh;Park, Jung-Min;Kim, Jin-Man;Kang, Kyung-Mo;No, Ki-Mi;Kim, Dong-Sul;Lee, Jong-Ok;Hong, Moo-Ki;Choi, Dal-Woong
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.373-389
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to evaluate exposure level and risk of heavy metals in livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods. Based on the "Food Intake Data," a part of the 2005 National Health & Nutrition Survey and the "2005 Seasonal Nutrition Survey", 113 Korean foods items were selected. 3 samples from different manufacturers of each 113 items of Korean foods were purchased on summer and fall, so total 678 samples were used. The food groups were classified into 15 categories. For the livestock foodstuffs category, meats and poultry (chicken, pork, pork belly, beef, beef feet soup), milks and dairy products (milk, ice cream, liquid yoghourt, sherbet), eggs (egg) were selected. It was found that the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from livestock foodstuffs is 0.00020 arsenic, 0.00000 cadmium, 0.00020 lead, and 0.00006 mercury, and the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from Korean foods is 0.0265 arsenic, 0.0083 cadmium, 0.0067 lead, and 0.0028 mercury. Daily amount of heavy metals intake from livestock foodstuffs was low among the food groups. For risk assessment, PDI (Probable Daily Intake) was calculated and compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) of JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive). Relative hazard of these livestock foodstuffs was 0.006% in arsenic, 0.000% in cadmium, 0.085% in lead, and 0.149% in mercury. Relative hazard of Korean foods was 0.941% in arsenic, 14.676% in cadmium, 3.319% in lead, and 6.860% in mercury. Thus, livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods were as safe as satisfied with the recommended standards of JECFA.

Total Mercury Content and Risk Assessment of Farmed Fish Tissues (양식산 어류의 부위별 총수은 함량 및 위해도 평가)

  • Choi, WooSeok;Yoon, Minchul;Jo, MiRa;Kwon, Ji Young;Son, KwangTae;Kim, Ji Hoe;Lee, Tae Seek
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.7-12
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    • 2016
  • Total mercury (TM) is a hazardous element that is of particular concern to human health. Due to the diversity of dietary habits among fishes, tissue-specific analysis of hazardous elements is necessary. In this study, the tissue-specific TM in cultured fish was analyzed to conduct risk assessment. The highest concentrations of TM were found in the farmed marine fish Pagrus major (0.111 mg/kg) and in the farmed freshwater fish Channa argus (0.162 mg/kg). TM concentration was significantly correlated with total fish length (P<0.01). Significant differences in TM were found between three types of fish tissue, with the concentration in fish muscle being significantly higher than those of gill or liver (P<0.01). Moreover, the tissue-specific TM concentrations of farmed freshwater fish were significantly higher than those of farmed marine fish (P<0.01). According to the risk assessment, the TM body exposure rate of muscle and liver in cultured fishes ranged from 0.001 to 0.389% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake. Therefore, these results showing the tissue-specific TM contents of cultured fish could be useful to assess the health risks of Korean dietary habits.

Total Mercury Contents of Antarctic Toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni Caught in the Antarctic Sea

  • Son, Kwang-Tae;Kwon, Ji-Young;Jo, Mi-Ra;Yoon, Minchul;Song, Ki-Cheol;Choi, Woo-Seok;Yeon, In-Ja;Kim, Ji-Hoe;Lee, Tae Seek
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.427-431
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    • 2014
  • Mercury is an element of special concern for human health. Measurements of total mercury levels in fish have been taken into consideration to assess risk. In this study, the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni was evaluated as a potential safe food source through measurement of total mercury contents. Total mercury concentrations in Antarctic toothfish ranged from $0.101{\pm}0.047mg/kg$ to $0.139{\pm}0.075mg/kg$. The total mercury concentration was significantly correlated with macroscopic values including total fish length, weight, gonadosomatic index, and maturity (P < 0.01 or 0.05). Furthermore, according to the risk assessment, the total mercury body exposure rate from Antarctic toothfish ranged from 2.125% to 2.847% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake. Therefore, the Antarctic toothfish could be used as a potential safe seafood source.

Heavy Metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) Content and Risk Assessment of Commercial Dried Laver Porphyra sp. (유통 마른 김(Porphyra sp.)의 중금속(Hg, Pb, Cd) 함량과 위해성 평가)

  • Son, Kwang-Tae;Kwon, Ji-Young;Jo, Mi-Ra;Choi, Woo-Seok;Kang, Sung-Rim;Ha, Na-Young;Shin, Jin-Wall;Park, Kunbawui;Kim, Ji-Hoe
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.45 no.5
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    • pp.454-459
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    • 2012
  • To investigate heavy metals (Hg, Pb and Cd) and their potential health risks in commercial dried laver (Porphyra sp.), we collected 45 samples from the major production areas on the western and southern coasts of Korea (Hwaseong, Seocheon, Gunsan, Muan, Shinan, Jindo, Haenam, Wando, Jangheung, Goheung and Busan). The Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) or a mercury analyzer. The average Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations in the dried laver were $0.006{\pm}0.0017$, $0.196{\pm}0.0614$ and $0.894{\pm}0.4882$ mg/kg, respectively. Based on the 2007 Korean Public Nutrition Report, these levels are 0.02, 0.11 and 2.47% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Hg, Pb and Cd, respectively, established by the FAO/WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) determined from the ratio of exposure and safe levels were less than 1.0. Therefore, the levels of overall exposure to Hg, Pb and Cd for dried laver were below the recommended JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) levels, which indicate safe levels for public health.

Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Agricultural Products (농산물 중 비소 위해평가)

  • Choi, Hoon;Park, Sung-Kug;Kim, Dong-Sul;Kim, Mee-Hye
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.266-272
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    • 2010
  • The present study was carried out to assess exposure & risk for Korean by total and inorganic As intake through agricultural products. Total arsenic analysis was performed using microwave device and ICP-MS. 50% MeOH extraction and anion-exchange HPLC-ICP-MS method has been used to determine arsenic species. 329 samples covering 20 kinds of agricultural products were collected from various retail outlets and markets across Korea. The concentration of total As was in the range of 0.001~0.718 mg/kg, while inorganic and organic arsenic species in all samples was not determined. For risk assessment, probable daily intake was calculated and compared with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI, 15 ${\mu}g$/kg b.w./week for inorganic arsenic) established by JECFA. The median daily exposure to total and inorganic As by intake of agricultural products except rice was ranged 0.0002~0.012, 0.0001~0.001 ${\mu}g$/kg b.w./day, corresponding to 0.01~0.5%, 0.002~0.1% of PTWI, respectively. The median level of total and inorganic As intake through rice was 0.603 and 0.041 ${\mu}g$/kg b.w./day, and 28.1% and 1.9% of PTWI, respectively. Therefore, the level of overall exposure to arsenic for Korean through agricultural products was below the recommended JECFA levels, indicating of least possibility of risk.

Monitoring Heavy Metals in Meat and Meat Products (식육 및 그 가공품의 중금속 모니터링)

  • Hwang, Tae-Ik;Ahn, Tae-Hyun;Kim, Eun-Jung;Lee, Jung-Ah;Kang, Myoung-Hee;Jang, Young-Mi;Kim, Mee-Hye
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.43 no.5
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    • pp.525-531
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to examine the contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in meat and meat products in Korea. The contents of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in 466 samples of beef, pork, chicken, duck, ham, and sausage were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or a mercury analyzer. Wet ashing and microwave method were compared, and the recovery and reproducibility of the microwave method were better than those of wet ashing for meat and meat products. The recovery of the microwave method was 98.1% for Pb, 104.6% for Cd, and 103.4% for As, respectively. The best result was obtained through digestion using an acid mixture ($HNO_3$/$H_2O_2$, 6:2). Hg content was measured using a mercury analyzer. As a result, the contents of Hg and Cd in samples were lower than those of Pb and As. The average contents of Pb were 0.009 mg/kg in beef, 0.010 mg/kg in pork, 0.006 mg/kg in chicken, 0.007 mg/kg in duck, 0.005 mg/kg in ham, and 0.009 mg/kg in sausage. The average Cd contents were 0.0004 mg/kg in beef, 0.0004 mg/kg in pork, 0.0005 mg/kg in chicken, 0.0012 mg/kg in duck, 0.0015 mg/kg in ham, and 0.0019 mg/kg in sausage. The average As contents were 0.016 mg/kg in beef, 0.004 mg/kg in pork, 0.021 mg/kg in chicken, 0.010 mg/kg in duck, 0.014 mg/kg in ham, and 0.018 mg/kg in sausage. The average Hg contents were 0.713 ${\mu}g/kg$ in beef, 0.902 ${\mu}g/kg$ in pork, 0.710 ${\mu}g/kg$ in chicken, 0.796 ${\mu}g/kg$ in duck, 1.141 ${\mu}g/kg$ in ham, and 1.052 ${\mu}g/kg$ in sausage. Based on the results of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2005, the levels of dietary exposure to heavy metal contaminants in meat and meat products were compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake(PTWI) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The average dietary exposure of the general population from meat and meat products was 0.03-0.2% of PTWI for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg, which indicates a safe level for public health at present.

Heavy Metal Contents of Vegetables Available on the Markets in Seoul (서울에서 유통 중인 채소류의 중금속 함량에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Chae-Man;Choi, Eun-Jung;Kim, Tae-Rang;Hong, Chae-Kyu;Kim, Jung-Hun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.39 no.12
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    • pp.1873-1879
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to estimate the heavy metal contents of vegetables available on the markets in Seoul area. Concentrations of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in 300 samples using a mercury analyzer and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) after wet digestion. The average values of heavy metals in vegetables were as follows [mean (minimum~maximum), mg/kg]; Hg: 0.0005 (N.D~0.007), Pb: 0.011 (N.D~0.259), Cd: 0.012 (N.D~0.188), As: 0.002 (N.D~0.142), Cr: 0.100 (0.019~0.954), Ni: 0.093 (0.003~1.231), Cu: 1.098 (0.072~36.29), and Zn: 3.48 (0.485~21.31). The heavy metal contents of vegetables available on the markets in Seoul were almost the same as or lower than those reported in other studies. The weekly average intakes of mercury, lead and cadmium from vegetables take 0.44~7.71% of PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee sets for evaluation of food safety.

Contents of Heavy Metals in Fishes from the Korean Coasts (한국 연안산 어류의 중금속 함량)

  • Mok, Jong-Soo;Shim, Kil-Bo;Cho, Mi-Ra;Lee, Tae-Seek;Kim, Ji-Hoe
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.517-524
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    • 2009
  • We collected 177 fishes representing 53 species of fish from the eastern (Pohang), western (Gunsan), and southern (Tongyeong) coasts of Korea, and measured their heavy metal contents. The mean recoveries of the heavy metals extracted from cod muscle (certified reference material, CRM) were $88.7{\sim}100.6%$. The mean levels of the heavy metals in the samples taken from the edible portion of each fish were high in the order of Zn ($8.981{\pm}4.835{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($0.755{\pm}0.507{\mu}g/g$), and Mn ($0.433{\pm}0.699{\mu}g/g$), which are necessary metals in the human body, and then followed by Cr ($0.206{\pm}0.181{\mu}g/g$), Ni ($0.081{\pm}0.110{\mu}g/g$), Pb ($0.038{\pm}0.046{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.017{\pm}0.023{\mu}g/g$). The average daily intakes of the heavy metals by the fishes were as follows: Cd (0.81 ${\mu}g$), Cr (9.98 ${\mu}g$), Cu (36.63 ${\mu}g$), Mn (21.01 ${\mu}g$), Ni (3.93 ${\mu}g$), Pb (1.84 ${\mu}g$) and Zn (435.58 ${\mu}g$). The average weekly intakes of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by the fishes were 1.35%, 0.12%, 0.86%, and 0.73% respectively, as compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) established by FAO/WHO Expert Committee for Food Safety Evaluation.