• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the EIA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last decade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increased as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.253-257
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• 2013

Exposure assessment for three major active ingredients used for humidifier disinfectants, polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride (PGH), and 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT) mixture, was conducted in a bedroom using an air sampler for a refined risk assessment. The experimental site was selected to reflect consumer exposure conditions. Aerosols formed by a humidifier were sampled during 8 hr at 7.5 L/min. Absorbed PHMG and PGH by the sampler were quantified using a spectrophotometric method, and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection was used for CMIT/MIT. Three exposure scenarios were assumed for adding humidifier disinfectants to the humidifier water at 1, 2, and 10 times the volume recommended by the product suppliers, and the humidifier was on at its maximum rate of producing aerosols in order to consider reasonable worst-cases. The sampled mass of PHMG and PGH ranged 200 to $2,800{\mu}g$ and 140 to $1,900{\mu}g$, respectively, under different exposure conditions, whereas the absorbed mass of CMIT/MIT was barely detected at the detection limit of 0.11/0.29 mg/L, only at 10 times the recommended level. The resulting risk quotients for PHMG and PGH ranged 1,400 to 20,000 and 1,000 to 13,000, indicating that health risks could be significant. For CMIT/MIT mixture, risk quotients were much smaller than estimated by assuming that they are conservative in the indoor environment, probably due to oxidative reactions. The refined exposure assessment presented here may provide a useful tool for assessing risks posed by active ingredients in spray-type biocidal products.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
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• pp.450-468
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• 1994

Scientists have long used conventional toxicological methods to establish 'safe levels of exposure' for chemicals presumed to have threshold health effects or doses below which significant effects are unlikely to occur. These same methods cannot be used to establish safe levels of exposure for non-threshold pollutants. such as carcinogens. Therefore. Federal regulatory agencies in the United States are using risk assessment methods to provide information for public health policy decisions concerning increases in risk associated with increases in exposure to carcinogenic and other non-threshold pollutants. Acceptable exposure/risk levels are decided by policymakers who consider descriptions and estimates of risks together with social and economic benefits from the uses of the chemical. 1bis paper focuses on the development of quantitative risk assessment approaches by Federal regulatory agencies in the United States, and identifies the mathematical models currently being used for risk extrapolation. including their inherent uncertainties. The uncertainties and limitations of these methods have led some scientists to question the utility of quantitative risk extrapolation. The experience of the; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). as summarized in this paper. can provide a realistic basis for evaluating the pros and cons. Finally. shortcomings in current risk assessment methods and their use in policy decisions are explored. and areas for possible improvement. given current scientific knowledge. are identified.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.189-199
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• 2019

The objectives of this study are to propose the Integrated Waqf Environmental Protection Model (IWEP) and investigate the farmers' intention to adopt it. In developing the IWEP model and investigating farmers' willingness to adopt it, this study surveyed 400 farmers in Kedah. The intention of the farmers to adopt the proposed model was analysed by adding perceived barriers and socio-economic variables into the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model. The collected data were processed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The SEM results show that the subjective norm is positive and has a significant impact on the intentions of low-income farmers to accept the IWEP model. This indicates that the decision of the low-income farmers to accept the IWEP model is significantly influenced by their family members, neighbours and friends. Furthermore, awareness and perceived barriers have a greater impact on the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers. The findings indicate that the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers are aware of climate change and they perceive higher risks or barriers to climate change. As a result, they are more likely to have an adaptation intention. If we encourage people to create waqf fund, we can increase the value of the farmer and the country's total GDP.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.171-184
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 저준위 환경방사능 측정시 이용되는 검출한계에 대한 기본개념 및 수식을 통계학적 이론을 기초로 서술하였다. 방사능을 정확하게 검출할 신뢰도를 95%로 설정하여 알파 베타 및 감마선 측정기에 대한 검출한계치값을 계산하였다. 또한 환경 방사능 계측에 많이 사용되는 방사능 핵종에 대해 최소 검출 방사능 농도값을 검출한계치 개념을 근거로 계산하여 저준위 환경 방사능 분석시 환경방사능 측정결과에 대한 신뢰도 평가에 활용 가능 하도록 하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2010

The potential ability of environmental temperature to enhance the effect of microwave radiation (7 GHz) was experimentally studied for rabbit heating after simultaneous application of both agents. The tested ambient temperatures (30 and $38^{\circ}C$) didn't exert a considerable influence upon rabbit heat homeostasis after the used duration of exposure (3 hours and 15 minutes, correspondingly). The synergistic interaction of microwave irradiation and ambient temperature was demonstrated for rabbit heating. Power flux density of microwave irradiation was shown to be a determinant of the synergistic interaction effectiveness. For the fixed ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$), the synergism was shown to be observed only within a definite power flux density ($0-100\;mW{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), inside of which there was an optimal intensity ($20\;mW{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), which maximized the synergistic effect. Any deviation of the power flux density from the optimal value resulted in a reduction of the synergy. It is concluded that any assessment of the health or environmental risks should take into account the synergistic interaction between ambient temperature and microwave radiation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2010

Embodying the safety of radioactive waste disposal requires the relevant safety criteria and the corresponding stylized methods to demonstrate its compliance with the criteria. This paper proposes a conceptual model of risk-based safety evaluation for integrating complex potential radiation exposure situations in radioactive waste disposal. For demonstrating compliance with a risk constraint, the approach deals with important exposure scenarios from the viewpoint of the receptor to estimate the resulting risk. For respective exposure situations, it considers the occurrence probabilities of the relevant exposure scenarios as their probability of giving rise to doses to estimate the total risk to a representative person by aggregating the respective risks. In this model, an exposure scenario is simply constructed with three components:radionuclide release, radionuclide migration and environment contamination, and interaction between the contaminated media and the receptor. A set of exposure scenarios and the representative person are established from reasonable combinations of the components, based on a balance of their occurrence probabilities and the consequences. In addition, the probability of an exposure scenario is estimated on the assumption that the initiating external factors influence release mechanisms and transport pathways, and its effect on the interaction between the environment and the receptor may be covered in terms of the representative person. This integrated approach enables a systematic risk assessment for complex exposure situations of radioactive waste disposal and facilitates the evaluation of compliance with risk constraints.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.1705-1716
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• 2021

Bangladesh, as a newcomer country, is expecting to start her nuclear power journey by 2022. Due to evident reasons, newcomer nuclear countries face several key challenges concerning the development of national nuclear safety infrastructure. The paper investigates the status of the 7 key safety infrastructure issues out of the 19 and readiness of the supportive organizations, laboratories, and workforces following the International Atomic energy Agency's status evaluation guide at milestone 3 and foreign countries' practice. Much progress has been achieved at phase 3 regarding the establishments of a few Acts, a regulator, and an operator. However, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, skilled workforces, establishments of a few supportive organizations, and laboratories for managing environmental radioactivity, radiological accidents, and radioactive wastes are yet to ready. Several suggestions are made for establishing and expediting radiation monitoring laboratories, a radiological emergency management center, a radioactive waste management company, and technical support organizations for the safety infrastructure. To avoid perceived risks, policymakers and competent authorities need to emphasize creating an optimized safety infrastructure before commissioning and operating the 1^st nuclear power plant safely, securely, and cost-sustainably.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.227-239
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• 2023

Online marketing is a rapidly growing industry that heavily depends on digital technologies and data analysis to effectively reach and engage consumers. For that, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial tool for online marketers, enabling marketers to analyze extensive consumer data and automate decision-making processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ethical implications of using AI in online marketing, focusing on its impact on consumer privacy and decision-making. AI has created new possibilities for personalized marketing but raises concerns about the collection and use of consumer data, transparency and accountability of decision-making, and the impact on consumer autonomy and privacy. In this study, we reviewed the relevant literature and case studies to assess the potential risks and make recommendations for improving consumer protection. The findings provide insights into ethical considerations and offer a roadmap for balancing the advantages of AI in online marketing with the protection of consumer rights. Companies should consider these ethical issues when implementing AI in their marketing strategies. In this study, we explored the concerns and provided insights into the challenges posed by AI in online marketing, such as the collection and use of consumer data, transparency, and accountability of decision-making, and the impact on consumer autonomy and privacy.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2019

우리나라 주요 하천수의 사용 중인 농약의 실태조사를 위해서 전국 50지점을 선정 후, 1차 (농약 사용 비성수기, 4/5월)및 2차(농약 사용 성수기, 8/9월)로 나누어 실시를 하였다. 하천수 모니터링 결과 농약 1차, 2차 때 각각 11, 28개의 농약이 검출되었다. 농약은 7월부터 기온이 올라가면서 병 해충 방제를 위해 농약사용량이 증가하기 때문에 2차시기에 농약검출량이 증가한 것으로 판단된다. 검출빈도 10회 이상의 농약은 1차 시기에는 butachlor, carbofuran, 2차 시기에는 tricyclazole, azoxystrobin, chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, isoprothiolane 5종이었다. 검출농약은 대부분 수도용 농약으로 검출비율은 90%, 81%로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 이유는 하천수 중 잔류농약은 논에서 사용된 농약이 비산되어 직접적으로 하천수로 잔류되기도 하며 또는 토양에 잔류된 농약이 논물을 방류하면서 하천수로 이동하기 때문이다. 네 개의 scenario를 이용하여 위해성 평가를 진행하였을 때, butachlor, carbofuran, carbendazim, chlorantranilprole 및 oxadiazon에서 잠재위해성 및 위해성이 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 추후 모니터링 연구와 수서생물에 위해성이 나타나지 않는 농도 이하로 잔류할 수 있도록 농약안전사용기준 설정연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.