Refined Exposure Assessment for Three Active Ingredients of Humidifier Disinfectants |
Lee, Jong-Hyeon
(Institute of Environmental Safety and Protection, NeoEnBiz Co.)
Kang, Hyun-Joong (Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University) Seol, Hwi-Soo (Institute of Environmental Safety and Protection, NeoEnBiz Co.) Kim, Chan-Kook (Institute of Environmental Safety and Protection, NeoEnBiz Co.) Yoon, Seung-Ki (Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Gwack, Jin (Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Kim, Yong-Hwa (Korea Institute of Toxicology) Kwon, Jung-Hwan (Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University) |
1 | Collier PJ, Ramsey A, Waigh RD, Douglas KT, Austin P, Gilbert P. Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1990;69:578-584. DOI |
2 | Beko G, Lund T, Nors F, Toftum J, Clausen G. Ventilation rates in the bedrooms of 500 Danish children. Build. Environ. 2010;45:2289-2295. DOI ScienceOn |
3 | Murray DM, Burmaster DE. Residential air exchange rates in the United States: empirical and estimated parametric distributions by season and climatic region. Risk Anal. 1995;15:459-465. DOI ScienceOn |
4 | Joo J, Zheng Q, Lee G, Kim JT, Kim S. Optimum energy use to satisfy indoor air quality needs. Energy Build. 2012;46:62-67. DOI ScienceOn |
5 | US Environmental Protection Agency. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) methylisothiazolinone. Washington: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1998. EPA no: 738-R-98-012. |
6 | European Union Harmonised Classification and Labeling (CHL). Polyhexamethylene biguanide or poly(hexamethylene) biguanude hydrochloride (PHMB). Brussels; European Union: 2010. |
7 | European Chemical Agency. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8: characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. Helsinki: European Chemical Agency; 2012. |
8 | Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim report of epidemiological investigation on lung injury with unknown cause in Korea. Public Health Wkly. Rep. 2011;4:817-818. |
9 | Bae JS. 18 killed by humidifier sterilizer: civic group [Internet]. Seoul: The Korea Herald; c2011 [cited 2013 Oct 1]. Available from: http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20111101000817. |
10 | Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. Order for withdrawal of six humidifier disinfectant products from the market issued [Internet]. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare; c2011 [cited 2013 Oct 1]. Available from: http://english.mw.go.kr/front_eng/al/sal0201vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=1002&MENU_ID=100203&page=1&CONT_SEQ=260454. |
11 | Lee JH, Kim YH, Kwon JH. Fatal misuse of humidifier disinfectants in Korea: importance of screening risk assessment and implications for management of chemicals in consumer products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012;46:2498-2500. DOI ScienceOn |
12 | US Environmental Protection Agency. Method for the determination of phenol and methylphenols (Cresols) in ambient air using high performance liquid chromatography. Washington: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1986. |
13 | Jang JY, Cho SN, Kim SY, Kim SJ, Cheong HK. Korean exposure factors handbook. Seoul: Ministry of Environment; 2007. |
14 | Monakhova YB, Kuballa T, Leitz J, Lachenmeier DW. Determination of diethyl phthalate and polyhexamethylene guanidine in surrogate alcohol from Russia. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 2011;2011:704795. |
15 | Chang HR, Yang KW, Kim YH. Environmental risk assessment of polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate by soil adsorption/desorption coefficient. Korean J. Environ. Agric. 2006;25:365-370. 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
16 | Barman BN, Preston HG. The effects of pH on the degradation of isothiazolone biocides. Tribol. Int. 1992;25:281-287. DOI ScienceOn |
17 | Tanji Y, Nishihara T, Miyanaga K. Iron dependent degradation of an isothiazolone biocide (5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one). Biofouling 2007;23:73-77. DOI ScienceOn |
18 | Glaser JA, Foerst DL, McKee GD, Quave SA, Budde WL. Trace analyses for wastewaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1981;15:1426-1435. DOI |
![]() |