• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.159-163
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• 2010

A mixture of several detoxified bacterial strains ($Sterodin^{(R)}$) has been studied for anti-inflammatory effect in Wistar rats on carrageenin, dextran and prostaglandin $E_1$ ($PGE_1$) induced edema in acute model and cotton pellet and carrageenin induced sub-acute model, while, Freund's adjuvant induced chronic model. The bacterial strains showed strong inhibitory activity in acute, sub-acute and chronic models of inflammation. Further, it reduced ${\alpha}1$ acid glycoprotein and ${\alpha}2$ macroglobulin levels in serum and prostaglandin $E_2$ in inflamed paw. These results indicated that the bacterial strains probably act through prostaglandin mediatory pathways and may be useful in treatment of inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.405-413
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• 2022

Hair loss is a common status found among people of all ages. Since the role of hair is much more related to culture and individual identity, hair loss can have a great influence on well-being and quality of life. It is a disorder that is observed in only scalp patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or alopecia areata caused by stress or immune response abnormalities. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic medicines such as finasteride, and minoxidil improve hair loss temporarily, but when they stop, they have a limitation in that hair loss occurs again. As an alternative strategy for improving hair growth, many studies reported that there is a relationship between the expression levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and hair growth. Four major PGs such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2₂), prostaglandin I2 (PGI₂), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF_2α) are spatiotemporally expressed in hair follicles and are implicated in hair loss. This review investigated the physiological roles and pharmacological interventions of the PGs in the pathogenesis of hair loss and provided these novel insights for clinical therapeutics for patients suffering from alopecia.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.458-464
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• 2015

Sennoside A (erythro) and sennoside B (threo) are dianthrone glycosides and diastereomers. We investigated their abilities to prevent the gastric lesions associated with diseases, such as, gastritis and gastric ulcer. To elucidate their gastroprotective effects, the inhibitions of $HCl{\cdot}tOH$-induced gastritis and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers were assessed in rats. It was observed that both sennoside A and sennoside B increased prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels and inhibited $H^+/K^+$-ATPase (proton pump). In a rat model, both compounds reduced gastric juice, total acidity and increased pH, indicating that proton pump inhibition reduces gastric acid secretion. Furthermore, sennoside A and B increased $PGE_2$ in a concentration-dependent manner. In a gastric emptying and intestinal transporting rate experiment, both sennoside A and sennoside B accelerated motility. Our results thus suggest that sennoside A and sennoside B possess significant gastroprotective activities and they might be useful for the treatment of gastric disease.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2000

In the field of microsurgery, the vascular obstruction of the microvascular anastomosis by thrombus is one of the most important complication. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect between aspirin and prostaglandin $E_1$($PGE_1$) which act as the peripheral vasodilatation and platelet disaggregation. We have used total 48 white male rats and divided them into three gruoups(A, B and C group). Each group consists of 16 rats respectively. A group is as control, B group is medicated with aspirin(3.0mg/kg/day) and C group with $PGE_1(1.2{\mu}g/kg/day)$. The gross and histopathologic findings at anastomosed site were observed on 3, 5, 10 and 15 days after vascular anastomosis and the results were obtained as the followings. 1. The microvascular patency rate is 81.2% in control group, 93.8% in aspirin group and 100% in $PGE_1$ group. 2. On the histologic examination, the formation of mural thrombus is decreased both in the aspirin and $PGE_1$ group as comparing with the control group and also the hypertrophy of the intima forming from media is less formed in $PGE_1$ group than aspirin group and the degree of thickeness is also less. 3. The fibrosis of media is less observed in $PGE_1$ group than aspirin group. According to the above results, the application of $PGE_1$ to the microsurgery is considered to be effective on the prevention of the thrombus formation and on providing high patency rate.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2005

목적 : 본 연구는 봉독 약침액이 BV2 microglial cell에서 LPS로 유발된 염증반응에 대한 억제효과를 관찰하고자 하였다. 방법 : 봉독 약침액의 항염증작용을 관찰하기 위하여 BV2 microglial cell에 봉독약침액을 1시간전에 농도별$(0.1,\;1,\;100\;{\mu}g/ml)$로 전처치한 후 LPS $(5\;{\mu}g/ml)$로 24시간 동안 처리하여 RT-PCR, western blot, $PGE_2$, assay, NO synthesis assay등의 방법으로 관찰하였다. 결과 : LPS 염증유발에 의해서 BV2 microglial cell에서 COX-2 및 NOS 발현이 증가하였고, 이 러한 증가는 prostaglandin E2 및 NO 합성을 증가시켰다. 이에 반하여 봉독약침액으로 전처치한 군에서는 COX-2 및 NOS 발현을 억제시켜 결과적으로 prostaglandin 합성 및 NO 합성을 억제시킴을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 LPS 염증유발에 의해서 활성화된 NF-kB의 발현을 억제 시켰다. 결론 : 봉독약침 액은 LPS 염증유발에 의해서 증가된 prostaglandin E2 및 NO 합성을 억제시킴으로써 여러 가지 염종질환의 치료에 유효한 효과가 있을 것으로 사려 된다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1989

본 교실의 연구결과에 의하면 토끼와 흰쥐에서 수정란 착상시기에 peripheral lymphocyte와 thymocyte의 활성도가 저하될 뿐만 아니라 착상기간중 생성되는 prostaglandin E(PGE)의 생리적인 농도로도 peripheral lymphocyte와 thymocyte의 활성도가 억제되었다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 착상시기에 전신적인 면역기능 뿐만 아니라 국소적으로 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 억제되는지를 관찰하고 PGE가 어떠한 기전으로 모체의 면역기능을 억제하는가를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 흰쥐의 착상시기에 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 임신하기 않은 흰쥐의 DLN lymphocyte에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하지는 않으나 저하되었으며 이러한 저하현상은 100% 흰쥐에서 관찰되었다. 2. 착상시기의 DLN lymphocyte에 prostaglandin 합성억제제인 indomethacin(ID)를 처리하면 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 임신하지 않은 흰쥐의 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도는 증가되어 있으나 $PGE_2$를 전처리하면 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 유의하게 억제되며 $PGE_2$를 전처치한 후 ID를 처리하면 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 $PGE_2$로 전처치하지 않고 ID를 처리한 경우에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 $PGE_2$ 대신estradiol, progesterone 및 hCG를 전처치하였을 경우에는 ID 처리로 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 증가하지 않았다. 3. 임신하지 많은 흰쥐의 DLN lymphocyte에 $PGE_2$를 전처리하면 PGE-producing cell이 유도되어 PGE 생성이 증가하는지를 확인하기 위하여 $PGE_2$를 전처리하고 Con A를 처리한 후 배양액의 PGE를 정량한 결과 PGE를 전처리하지 않은 DLN lymphocyte에 비하여 유의하게 PGE 생성이 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 흰쥐의 착상시기에는 모체의 DLN lymphocyte의 활성도가 저하되며, 특히 PCE는 PGE-producing cell을 유도함으로써 착상시기의 모체의 면역기능에 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.364-367
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• 2011

Background: Prostaglandins (PGs) play pathogenic and protective roles in inflammatory diseases. The novel concept of PGs as immune modulators is being documented by several investigators. By establishing an in vitro experimental model containing human follicular dendritic cell-like cells, HK cells, we reported that HK cells produce prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and prostaglandin $I_2$ ($PGI_2$) and that these PGs regulate biological functions of T and B cells. Methods: To investigate the respective contribution of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 to $PGE_2$ and $PGI_2$ production in HK cells, we performed siRNA technology to knock down COX enzymes and examined the effect on PG production. Results: Both $PGE_2$ and $PGI_2$ productions were almost completely inhibited by the depletion of COX-2. In contrast, COX-1 knockdown did not significantly affect PG production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion: The current results suggest that mPGES-1 and PGIS are coupled with COX-2 but not with COX-1 in human follicular dendritic cell (FDC) and may help understand the potential effects of selective COX inhibitors on the humoral immunity.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.337-341
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• 1999

We have studied the stability and transdennal flux of prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$ from various donor solutions through hairless mouse skin. Stability in HEPES buffer or in propylene glycol (PG) solution where enhancer (oleic acid (OA), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML), transcutol (TC), ethanol (EtOH))s dissolved was investigated. $$PGE_1 was not stable in HEPES buffer. The concentration of $$PGE_1 decreased continuously for 7 days, and the degradation rate constant was $0.0028\;h^{-1}$, assuming first order reaction. The effect of current or penetration enhancer on the degradation was minimal. Percutaneous transport from HEPES buffer by passive or iontophoretic delivery without enhancer was close to nil. When OA or PGML was used together with PG, both passive and iontophoretic flux increased. PGML showed better enhancing effect than OA. Flux by cathodal delivery was about 2 times larger than that by passive delivery. Flux by anodal delivery was lower than that by passive delivery. TC and EtOH also increased the transdermal flux, but the effect was not as good as that observed when OA or PGML was used. These stability and flux data provide important information on how to formulate the patch, which will be the next step of this work, and on the polarity of current to use during iontophoresis.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.26-39
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• 2006

Objective : The effect of water extract of Chungjogupae-tang (CJGPT) was investigated on the growth of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Methods : MTT assay and fluorescent microscope performed to compare and examine the efficacy of CJGPT treatment on the cytostaticity of lung cancer cells in proportion to time and doses, and DAPI staining and Western blot analysis were used to examine their effect on apoptosis. In addition the quantitative RT-PCR was used to examine to lung cancer cells growth and Progtaglandin E2 and Telomerase activity were measured Results : Exposure of A549 cells to CJGPT resulted in the growth inhibition and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as measured by MTT assay and fluorescent microscope. The antiuoliferative effect by CJGPT treatment in A549 cells was associated with morphological changes such as membrane shrinking and cell rounding up. CJGPT treatment resulted in an up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIPl) in a p53-independent fashion. We found that CJGPT treatment decreased the levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthease (iNOS) expression without significant changes in the expression of COX-1, which was correlated with a decrease in protaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. CJGPT treatment also inhibited the levels of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and telomerase-associated protein (TEP)-1 mRNA expression, however the activity of telomerase was slightly increased by CJGPT treatment. Conclusion : These findings suggested that CJGPT-induced inhibition of human lung carcinoma A549 cell growth was connected with the induction of apoptotic cell death and the results provided important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of CJGPT.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.173-187
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• 1985

Renal compensatory adaptation caused by ablation of a part of renal mass has long been known in the field of the compensatory renal hypertrophy or hyperplasia. Many reports were found on the chronic mechanisms on the compensatory renal hyperfunction after exclusion of the contralateral kidney. However the mechanism(s) of the acute compensatory hyperfunction after contralateral exclusion has not yet been clarified. In the present experiment, we have tried to prove the possibility of the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system and/or prostaglandin system in the control mechanism of the acute compensatory renal hyperfunction after contralateral kidney exclusion. There were found different responses of the renal hyperfunction by contralateral renal pedicle or ureteral occlusion. Contralateral renal pedicle or ureteral occlusion caused a sustained increases of the urinary volume, sodium and potassium excretion, while the magnitude of the changes was different quantitatively by the maneuvers. Blood collection affected on the acute compensatory renal responses after ureteral as well as renal pedicle occlusion. Plasma prostaglandin $E_2$ level was not changed by the contralateral renal pedicle or ureteral occlusion. Urinary excretion of Prostaglandin $E_2$, the indices of renal prostaglandin biosynthesis, was not changed by the contralateral renal pedicle occlusion, but increased without significance by the contralateral ureteral occlusion. Acute renal compensatory responses after contralateral renal pedicle occlusion were blocked by the pretreatment of indomethacin. Plasma renin activity increased after contralateral ureteral occlusion, but the pattern of the increases was the same as in the time-control group. Plasma renin activity after contralateral renal pedicle occlusion did not change by the time sequence. SQ 20,881, an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor, blunted the contralateral renal responses after the renal pedicle occlusion. Bilateral renal denervation abolished the contralateral renal responses after the renal pedicle occlusion. The above data suggest that there is no direct evidence to support the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system and/or prostaglandin system for the acute compensatory renal hyperfunction after contralateral kidney exclusion, and that the functional changes of the intact kidney may be caused by a humoral substances, or other mechanisms by afferent renal nerve activity originating from the treated kidney.