• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2013

Previous laboratory studies have shown that prosodic structures are encoded in the modulations of phonetic patterns of speech including suprasegmental as well as segmental features. In particular, effects of prosodic context on duration and intensity of syllables and words have been widely reported. Drawing on prosodically annotated large-scale speech data from the Buckeye corpus of conversational speech of American English, the current study attempted to examine whether and how prosodic prominence and phrase boundary of everyday conversational speech, as determined by a large group of ordinary listeners, are related to the phonetic realization of duration and intensity. The results showed that the patterns of word durations and intensities are influenced by prosodic structure. Closer examinations revealed, however, that the effects of prosodic prominence are not the same as those of prosodic phrase boundary. With regard to intensity measures, the results revealed the systematic changes in the patterns of overall RMS intensity near prosodic phrase boundary but the prominence effects are restricted to the nucleus. In terms of duration measures, both prosodic prominence and phrase boundary are the most closely related to the lengthening of the nucleus. Yet, prosodic prominence is more closely related to the lengthening of the onset while phrase boundary lengthens the coda duration more. The findings from the current study suggest that the phonetic realizations of prosodic prominence are different from those of prosodic phrase boundary, and speakers signal different prosodic structures through deliberate modulations of the internal phonetic structure of words and listeners attend to such phonetic variations.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese speakers realize Korean prosodic phrases in the reading of Korean texts. Prosodic phrase, in this study, is defined as basic unit of spoken language which can be perceived as purely separate phonetic unit by both hearer and speaker, and is realized with a coherent intonational configuration. Prosodic phrase plays an important role in both speech production and perception. In the second language acquisition, prosody influences the accuracy and fluency of spoken language. The main purpose of this study is to describe the aspect of syntagmatic operation of prosody that produces prosodic phrases. We have specifically examined the relations between the prosodic phrase's boundary and its syntactic status. Furthermore, we examined internal syntactic structure of each prosodic phrase. And the results of each analysis were compared to the aspects of prosodic phrases' formation produced by native Korean speakers. The results show that Chinese speakers tend to coincide the prosodic phrases with syntactic structure more than native Korean speakers.

• 음성과학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.113-133
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• 1998

The system proposed in this paper prosodically transcribes the intonation patterns, prosodic structures, phrasings, and other prosodic aspects of Korean utterances, on four parallel tiers: a tone tier, an orthographic tier, a break index tier, and a miscellaneous tier. The tone tier employs two phrase accents (L* and H *), three accentual phrase boundary tones (L-, H-, LH-), and four intonational phrase boundary tones (L%,H%,LH%,LHL%) in order to provide a phonological transcription of pitch events associated with accented syllables and phrase boundaries. The break index tier uses five break indices, numbered from 0 to 4, which mark a prosodic grouping of words and its prosodic structure in an utterance. Among the five indices, the break index 3 and the break index 4 align with an accentual phrase boundary tone and an intonational phrase boundary tone, respectively, in the tone tier.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제35_36호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1998

This study aims at examining the relationship between tonal events and their related vowel and syllable duration in Korean. Two things were investigated: one is to see if there is a hierarchical relationship in prosodic unit-final-lengthening and the other is to see if accentual phrase initial high tone syllable gets lengthened. Generally, higher prosodic units show larger degree of lengthening of the final vowel and also final syllable duration than the lower ones except for accentual phrase: Mean duration of utterance-final or intonational-phrase-final syllable(and its vowels) was longer than that of accentual-phrase-final or word-final syllable(and its vowels). However, mean duration of accentual phrase final syllable was shorter than that of word final syllable. Mean vowel duration of accentual phrase initial high tone syllable was shorter than that of any other prosodic unit. Its mean syllable duration, however, was longer than that of accentual-phrase-final or word-final syllable, indicating that strong consonants(fortis and aspirated) frequently appear in the accentual phrase initial position and this position is a prosodically strong position showing longer duration as well as high tone.

• 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.89-105
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• 2005

This paper is a production study of the effects of Korean prosody on two voiceless coronal fricatives /$s^h$/ and /s*/. The target segments were embedded in four prosodic positions: initial to the Intonational Phrase or the Accentual Phrase, and medial to the Accentual Phrase or to the Prosodic Word. Acoustic measurements showed that the durational differences associated with the /$s^h$/ versus /s*/ contrast vary in magnitude in different prosodic positions, confirming the proposal that segmental properties are affected by prosodic categories. This suggests that any speech synthesizer should take into consideration prosodically conditioned durational variation.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2004년도 춘계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.165-170
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• 2004

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between Eojeol and prosodic phrase in Korean. Depending on two adnominal ending form in Korean '-ㄴ' and '-ㄹ', there are some different prosodic phrase: 1) $1{\sim}2$ syllable eojeols : '-ㄴ' has none prosodic phrase in front of the eojeol, an accentual phrase in the end of the eojeol. In contrast, '-ㄹ' has an accentual phrase in front of the eojeol, but none in the end of the eojeol. 2) More than 3 syllable eojeols : '-ㄴ' have accentual phrases on the edge of the eojeol. but '-ㄹ' has an accentual phrase in the end of the eojeol.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The purpose of the current study was to examine the acquisition of the second language prosody by Korean learners of English. Specifically, this study investigated Korean learners' patterns of prosodic phrasing and their use of edge tones (i.e., phrase accents and boundary tones) in English, and then compared the patterns with those of native English speakers. Eight Korean learners and 8 native speakers of English read 5 different English passages. Both groups' patterns of tones and prosodic phrasing were analyzed using the Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices (MAE_ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that the Korean learners chunked their speech into prosodic phrases more frequently than the native speakers did. This frequent prosodic phrasing pattern was especially noticeable in sentence-internal prosodic phrases, often where there was no punctuation mark. Tonal analyses revealed that the Korean learners put significantly more High phrase accents (H-) on their sentence-internal intermediate phrase boundaries than the native speakers of English. In addition, compared with the native speakers, the Korean learners used significantly more High boundary tones (both H-H% and L-H%) for the sentence-internal intonational phrases, while they used similar proportion of High boundary tones for the sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the results suggested that Korean learners of English successfully acquired the meanings and functions of prosodic phrasing and edge tones in English as well as that they are able to efficiently use these prosodic features to convey their own discourse intention.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.123-148
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• 2000

This paper investigates prosodic conditions for the epenthetic /n/ in Korean. It has been claimed that an epenthetic /n/ appears across prosodic words (Han 1994, Lee 1996). However, using acoustic data as well as aerodynamic data, I argue that the epenthetic /n/ does not always surface across all prosodic words, but that its appearance is prosodically restricted. I further demonstrate that it appears only across prosodic words within an accentual phrase. This finding provides empirical support for the intonation-based model of Korean prosodic structure studies.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2005

본 연구는 대용량 데이터베이스 분석을 통한 한국어의 운을 특성 규명을 시도하였다. 남녀 화자 1명씩 각각 낭독한 650개의 뉴스기사 문장 (총 1,300 개)은 분절음 레이블링과 운율 레이블링을 한 후, 각 운율단위의 성조유형과 크기, 상위운율단위의 크기와 하위 운율단위 수간의 상관관계, 그리고 강세구의 하강곡선과 상승곡선의 기울기와 F0 값에 대한 비교분석을 수행하였다. 운율단위의 지속시간, 어절수, 음절수와 하위 운율단위의 수는 화자뿐만 아니라 운율단위 위치에 따라서 차이를 보였으며 하위 운율단위의 수는 상위 운율단위의 음절수와 지속시간과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 강세구 내의 하강곡선의 기울기는 강세구 음절수와 반비례 관계를 보였으며 강세구 첫 성조의 유형에 따라 기울기 값에 차이가 있었다. 이 차이는 고성조로 시작한 강세구 성조의 F0 상승과 성조 간 상승 폭의 차이로 설명할 수 있었다. 강세구 경계의 하강곡선은 일정하면서 강세구 내의 하강곡선에 비해 다소 급격한 기울기를 보였다. 강세구 내의 두 상승곡선은 유사한 기지값을 보였으나 강세구 시작 상승곡선의 F0 변화량이 끝 상승곡선의 F0 변화량보다 크게 나타났다. 그리고 하나의 상승곡선이 강세구를 이루는 L Ha의 경우에는 강세구의 음절수에 반비례 관계를 보였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.837-844
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• 2010

운율구 경계 예측은 대화체 음성합성을 실현하기 위한 주요한 자연언어처리 기술 중 하나이다. 본 논문은 자연스러운 한국어 운율구 경계 예측을 실현하고자 기존의 학습 자질을 대신할 새로운 학습 자질을 제안한다. 이 새로운 자질들은 기존의 학습 자질보다 실제 언어생활에서 운율구 경계 발생에 영향을 미치는 여러 요인을 더 잘 반영한다. 특히, 수작업으로 구축한 운율구 경계 예측 규칙을 이용하여 추출한 학습 자질은 높은 정확도 향상에 이바지한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 새로운 학습 자질을 바탕으로 CRFs(Conditional Random Fields)를 이용하여 운율구 경계 예측 모델을 만들었다. 그 결과 3단계 운율구 경계(강한 경계, 약한 경계, 운율구 내부 비경계) 예측에서 86.63%의 정확도를, 6단계 운율구 경계(상승조/하강조 강한 경계, 상승조/하강조/평탄조 약한 경계, 운율구 내부 비경계) 예측에서는 81.14%의 정확도를 보였다.