• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

The interspecific estimation for tolerance capacities of upland crop species to excessive soil water stress in paddy field is significant in agricultural practices. Most of upland crops can be damaged by either excessive soil water or capillary rise of the water table during rainy season in paddy fields. The major objective of this study was to evaluate water stress of upland crops under different drainage classes in converted paddy field. This experiment was carried out in poorly drained soil (PDS) and imperfectly drained soil (IDS) of alluvial sloping area located at Toero-ri, Bubuk-myeon, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The soil was Gagog series, which was a member of the fine silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Endoaquepts (Low Humic-Gley soils). Two drainage methods, namely under Open ditch drainage methods (ODM) and, Closed pipe drainage methods (PDM) were installed within 1-m position at the lower edge of the upper paddy fields. The results showed that sum of excess water days ($SWD_{30}$), which was used to represent the moisture stress index, was 42 days (the lowest) in the PDM compared with 110 days in the ODM. Most of upland crops were more susceptible to excessive soil water during panicle initial stage on more PDS than on IDS. Yield of upland crops in the PDM was continuously increased by the rate of 15.1% on sorghum, 15.4% foxtail millet, 53.6% proso millet, 49.6% soybean and 47.9% adzuki bean as compared in the ODM. The capacity for tolerance by excessive soil water based on yield of each upland crop in the poorly drained sloping paddy fields was the order of sorghum, soybean, foxtail millet, proso millet and adzuki bean. Therefore, Sorghum is relatively tolerant to excessive soil water conditions and, may be grown successfully in converted paddy field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of species and varieties of summer forage crops on growth characteristics and productivity in Sihwa reclaimed land. The summer forage crops used in the trial were silage corn, sorghum×sudangrass hybrid(SSH), and proso millet. For each forage species, Gwangpyeongok(GPO), P15453, P1952 and P2088 were used for silage corn, and 877F, Green star, Honey chew, and Turbo gold cultivars were used for SSH. For proso millet, Ibaekchal, Geumsilchal and Manhongchal developed by the National Institute of Crop Science were used. Silage corn and SSH were sown on May 21, 2019 and proso millet on June 4, and harvested on September 2. There was no significant difference in plant and ear height of silage corn among varieties. P1543 was the highest and P2088 was the lowest in yield of silage corn, but there was no significant difference among treatments. Among the SSH, the plant height of 877F was the highest and Turbo gold variety had the smallest (p<0.05). As for the dry matter(DM) yields, 877F had the highest at 3,862 kg/ha and Green star had the lowest at 2,669 kg/ha (p<0.05). The fresh matter yield of proso millet was 15,778 kg/ha, which was higher than that of corn or SSH, The average dry matter yield was 4,780 kg/ha, and Ibaekchal variety had the highest DM yield compared to other varieties (p<0.05). P2088 had the highest TDN content and GPO was the lowest (p<0.05). As for the SSH, the TDN content of Green star and Honey chew varieties was significantly higher, and the RFV value was the lowest in Turbo gold. The average crude protein content of proso millet was 7.03%, and the highest TDN and RFV values were 64.36% and 106 in Geumsilchal. In the experiment of the germination rate of summer forage crops according to salt concentration, silage corn showed a germination rate of 83.1% even at 0.4% salinity. In particular, P2088 and P1921 varieties had more than 80% germination rate even at 0.6% salt concentration. As for the SSH, the germination rate of 877F was 93.3% even at 0.8% salinity, and 88.3% with Honey chew, indicating higher resistance to salt concentration compared to other varieties. Proso millet showed a high germination rate of 84.0 to 88.7% even at a salt concentration of 0.6%. Considering the above results, proso millet was recommended as the most suitable forage crop species in the Sihwa reclaimed land with high salt concentration, and the Ibaekchal variety is recommended as a suitable forage crop due to its high yield.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1128-1135
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• 2011

Changes in the chemical components of three cereals, foxtail millet, proso millet, and sorghum, during germination were determined. The crude protein contents of the three cereals did not significantly change during germination, whereas the contents of total dietary fiber of the three cereals increased during germination. The contents of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of Whanggeum-cho (347.4 ${\mu}g/g$), Chongcha-cho (336.5 ${\mu}g/g$), Bulgeun-gijang (347.4 ${\mu}g/g$), Noranchal-gijang (344.9 ${\mu}g/g$), Whanggeumchal-susu (410.4 ${\mu}g/g$), and Whinchal-susu (444.0 ${\mu}g/g$) increased after 24, 24, 84, 36, 48, and 72 hr of germination, respectively, and then sharply decreased. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannin in foxtail millet, proso millet, and Whinchal-susu tended to increase during germination. However, the total phenolic content of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased by 48 hr of germination and then considerably increased, whereas the total flavonoid content of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased during germination. Total tannin content of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased by 36 hr of germination and then slowly increased. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Whanggeumchal-susu greatly decreased by 36 hr of germination and then remained constant, whereas those of other cereals did not greatly change during germination. These results indicate that there are some differences in the chemical components of three cereals during germination.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.482-490
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• 2017

This study was carried out to analyze the pasting and antioxidant characteristics of cooked mixed grains consisting of germinated millet and rice with varying addition rates and cooking methods. In this study, we chose two foxtail millets: glutinous ('Samdachal') and non-glutinous ('Samdame'), along with a glutinous proso millet ('Ibaekchal'). Cooked mixed grain rice-added germinated millet was cooked by general and high pressure cooking methods, with and without fermented alcohol. The peak and trough viscosity of germinated millet were decreased significantly with increasing amounts of germinated millet. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of cooked rice-added germinated millet increased significantly with the addition of germinated millet (p<0.05). The total polyphenol contents of cooked rice-added germinated Samdachal, Samdame, and Ibaekchal were 127.74~194.11, 128.20~192.56, and $128.88{\sim}171.28{\mu}g\;GAE/g$, respectively. The total flavonoid contents were 13.79~30.23, 14.77~25.99, and $15.28{\sim}29.56{\mu}g\;CE/g$, respectively. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 3.31~5.73 and 6.31~9.69 mg TE/100 g for cooked rice-added germinated Samdachal; 3.14~8.58 and 6.05~10.19 mg TE/100 g for Samdame; and 3.37~7.45 and 6.27~9.27 mg TE/100 g for Ibaekchal, respectively. In this study, phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of cooked mixed grain rice-added germinated millet with different addition rates and cooking methods can be used as basic data for manufacturing processed products.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2014

Spawn is the vegetative growth of the mycelium and serves as the inoculum or seed for cultivating mushrooms. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, and oat were assessed to compare their characteristics and suitability for spawn production of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). The mycelial growth rates, density, and the number of completely colonized grains were measured from the twentieth day of inoculation. Wheat grains showed fastest mycelial growth with 8.4 cm followed by rye, oat, barley with 8.2, 7.5 and 7.3 cm, respectively. In the mycelial density, foxtail millet, barley, and sorghum were best compared with that of wheat grains. Especially, the number of grains which were completely colonized by mycelia were greatest in foxtail millet with 5,123 grains followed by proso millet, and wheat with 3,052 and 914, respectively. Based on the results obtained, barley, foxtail millet, and sorghum grains would be appropriate substituting for wheat grain in spawn production of button mushroom.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.22-34
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• 1998

Coarse grain crops including maize, sorghum, buckwheat, fox-tail millet, pearl millet, proso millet and barnyard millet have been used as health food, feed and industrial materials in Korea for a long time. Korean ancestors thought and treated them as the very important good crops for human health and the crops have served as a dish made with all the grains, particularly in January 15 of the lunar month in korea because the grains make the five viscera of heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys and the six entrails of gall bladder, stomach, small and large intestines, the paunch, the bladder, and the bowels strong and build healthy body. Thus, the objectives of the paper were to review and summarize the results obtained from the quality breeding and functional researches worldwide on nutrition, utilization and medical action of the coarse grain crops. Maize grain, fresh ear and green fodder yields have increased since 1960s in Korea. Agronomic traits improvements also occurred for cold tolerance, disease and insect resistance, resistance to barrenness, resistance to loding, pollen production, grain and seed yields, and eating quality. For buckwheat, improved summer buckwheat varieties produced more rutin for vegetable and grain than autumn varieties in Korea

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1988

Pearl millet has been detected as a promising new forage crop of excellent quality and productivity since 1985. Its green fodder yields were 10.7 to 12.8 tons per hectare in average of 26 accessions in Suwon, 1985. The yield level was much higher than those of Italian and pro so millets and com. Com was better than Italian and proso millets, and proso millet was better than Italian millet for a green fodder crop. Suwon 1 pearl millet hybrid was the best of the 13 hybrids examined in Suwon, 1986 being 149 tons per hectare of three times cut green fodder yields. The pearl millet hybrid was higher in green fodder yield than com and sorghum/sudan grass hybrids. Leaf area index was 32.4 for the three times cut pearl millet, while 5.8 for the one time cut corn, and 20.8 for the three times cut sorghum/sudan grass. Crude protein content was 16.3 percent for pearl millet being six to five percent higher than corn and sorghum/sudan grass, 11.8 percent for the one time cut at maturity and 16.1 percent for four times cut being higher than corn and sorghum/sudan grass. Crude fat content was 3. percent for pear 1 millet grain being some what higher than corn and sorghum/sudan grass and 1.3-1.4 percent for green fodder crop. Crude fiber content in grain was 1.9 percent for pearl millet 2.6 percent for corn, and 4.3 percent for sorghum/sudan grass. Crude fiber content in pearl millet plant was 24.4 to 26.8 percent, Crude ash content was 2.4 percent in grain and 10.8 to 11.6 percent in the plants of pearl millet hybrid. In vitro digestibility of grain was 93.7 percent for pearl millet, 95.4 percent for corn, and 55.8 percent for sorghum/sudan grass. The digestibility of whole plant was 57.6 to 63.4 percent for pearl millet, 46.3 percent for corn, and 47.3 to 57.6 percent for sorghum/sudan grass. Heavier nitrogen fertilizer applications increased green fodder yields, protein content and digestibility, but reduced fat and ash content of pearl millet inbred line T 186.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sowing times (May 25, June 10, June 25, July 10, and July 25) on growth and yield of four proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivars (Hwanggeumkijang, Manghongchal, Ibaekchal, and Hwangsilchal) at a cultivation area in Iksan, Jeonbuk Province. Heading and ripening times were delayed, with later sowing times in all cultivars, and the periods for heading and ripening were shortened. For sowing from May 25 to July 25, the growth stage was shorter by 40 days in Manghongchal, 38 days in Hwanggeumkijang, 36 days in Hwangsilchal, and 30 days in Ibaekchal. The culm length, ear length, ear width, and culm diameter differed significantly between the cultivars and sowing times. In particular, the culm and ear lengths were considerably reduced when the sowing time was delayed. The grain yield (kg/10a) of Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal was 312 and 359 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 10; and that of Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal was 286 and 404 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 25. Thus, the optimum sowing time was June 25 for Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal, and June 10 for Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2020

A total of 244 cereal samples (oat, sorghum, adlay, and proso millet) were collected from fields to examine the contamination of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals during harvest season in 2017 and 2018. The contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA) were analyzed individually by using the immunoaffinity column clean-up method with ultra performance liquid chromatography, and fumonisins (FUM) were analyzed by using the QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Highest level of NIV contamination (120.0-3277.0 mg/kg) was observed in oat samples among the analyzed cereals. In the adlay samples, DON contamination was the highest (maximum level 730.0 ㎍/kg). The proso millet samples had a high frequency of detection of NIV and ZEA (61.5% and 57.9%, respectively), but the levels were low (average detection level of NIV, 75.6 ㎍/kg, for ZEA, 21.5 ㎍/kg). Among the cereal samples, sorghum had the highest contamination frequency of DON, ZEA, and FUM, and the co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxin was 70.0%, which was higher than the average of 29.9%. In order to safely manage Fusarium mycotoxin levels in cereals, continuous research on the development of contamination prevention technologies together with monitoring of mycotoxin contamination is needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2019

The goal of this study was to investigate how the characteristics of growth and yield are affected by various planting densities in wide-row drill seeding cultivation suitable for mechanized harvesting. Two cultivars ('Hwanggeum' and 'Leebackchal') of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) were planted at varying planting densities [row spacing (20, 30, and 50 cm) and plant spacing (3, 5, 10, and 15 cm)]. The culm length was highest at the planting density of $50{\times}3cm$ and $50{\times}5cm$ for 'Hwanggeum' and $20{\times}3cm$ for 'Leebackchal'. The culm diameter became thinner as the planting density increased. The number of tillering and panicle length showed the same tendency to increase in quantity or length as planting density decreased and was highest at $50{\times}15cm$ when the planting density was lowest. The number of seeds per individual increased as planting density decreased. The thousand grain weight showed no significant differences among treatment plots. The greatest yield of 'Hwanggeum' was obtained at a planting density of $50{\times}3cm$ ($314.9kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) and that of 'Leebackchal' was obtained at $50{\times}3cm$ and $50{\times}5cm$ ($358-356kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$).