• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.208-216
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• 1996

The esthetics of chin contour is very important in facial deformities, and the quantity of soft tissue overlying the symphysis can be helpful to the correct diagnosis and surgical treatment for optimal facial harmony. The objectives of this study is to measure the different thicknesses of skeletal and soft tissues of chin on lateral cephalometric radiographs, to obtain the mean values of normal Korean adults, and to investigate the relative proportions of skeletal and soft tissues of chin. The results were as follows ; 1. In normal Korean adults, the relative proportions of the distances of soft tissue toward skeletal tissue were 1.5 in B point and 0.95 in Pg, and there were significant difference between male and female in the relative proportion of Pg (p<0.05). The relative proportion of the distances of vertical soft tissue toward horizontal soft tissue of Me was 1.91, and there were not significant difference between male and female. 2. In normal Korean adults, the distances of skeletal and soft tissues of chin showed no correlation, but the distances of vertical and horizontal soft tissues of Me showed high correlation (p<0.01). 3. In normal Korean adults, the correlations among the distances of each skeletal and soft tissues of chin were significantly high in both of male and female (p<0.01). Among the relative proportions of the distances of skeletal and soft tissues, the correlations of the proportions of B point and Mp and the proportions of Mp and Pg were significantly high (p<0.01).

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.385-397
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• 2017

This study assessed the nutrient intake for Korean adolescents using the estimated usual intake. The usual intake of 1,763 adolescents aged 12-17 years old was estimated from one-day 24-hour recall data in the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The nutrient intakes of four groups according to sex (male and female) and age (12-14 and 15-17 years old) were then assessed in reference to the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. For macronutrients, the proportions of subjects below and above the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) were calculated. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method was used to assess insufficient intakes of protein, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron; the full probability approach was used to assess the insufficient intake for iron among females. The proportions of subjects over the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for vitamin C, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron and the proportions over the Intake Goal for sodium were calculated to assess excessive intake. The proportions of subjects above AMDR for carbohydrates ranged from 22.5% to 38.0% by group. The proportions of subjects by group with insufficient intake for vitamin C, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron ranged 29.1-39.7%, 22.5-34.3%, 73.1-89.3%, 14.3-43.6%, and 23.2-55.5%, respectively. The proportions of subjects by group with excessive intake for sodium ranged from 91.5% to 99.3%. The results of this study represent important basic information to establish nutritional standards for school lunches as well as to decide on relevant nutrition policies for adolescents.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effects of superovulation on the growing and mature follicles following gonadotrophin treatments in mature rat by immunohistochemical methods. Eighteen mature rats (Sprague-Duwely, 190~230gm) were randomly alloted into 3 groups. One group was control group, another FSH-treated group was injected intramuscularly with 0.5 units of follicular stimulating hormone(FSH) / rat, and third PMS and HCG-treated group was injected intramuscularly with 20~25IU of pregnant mare serum(PMS) / rat and then at the 48 hrs later, with 20~25IU of human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) / rat. Half the number of rats were administrated intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur, 0.2mg/gm BW once) at 2 hours before exanguination and the remainder of rats were sacrified without Brdur administration. The investigation by immunohistochemical methods using paraffin sections of ovaries was performed by using anti-Brdur antibody and PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) antibody for labeling proliferating cells in follicles. In immunohistochemical findings, follicles squeezed by peripheral corpus luteum or follicles large follicles with loosly and irregularly distributed granulosa cells and although with compacted granulosa cells, middle follicles with dilated round or oval follicular antrum were confirmed as atretic follicles. The proportions of atretic follicles in control group were 29.8%, 21.7% and 14.2% respectivley at large, middle and small follicles and mean proportions of these all 3 grade follicles were 26.7%. The proportions of atretic follicles in FSH-treated group were 35.4%, 24.9% and 10.4% respectively at large, middle and small follicles and mean proportions of these all 3 grade follicles were 28.1%. The proportions of atretic follicles in PMS and HCG-treated group were 44.7%, 24.0% and 12.7% respectively at large, middle and small follicles, and mean proportions of these all 3 grade follicles were 29.7%. The above findings reveal that the group with higher proportion of atretic follicles were ordered as large, middle and small follicles in size, and these proportions were increased in hormone treated two groups with more number of more growing and mature follicles when compared with control group.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2007

모비율에 대한 신뢰구간의 구축에 있어 정규근사에 의한 Wald 신뢰구간이 표준으로 인식되어 왔으나, 최근 여러 학자들에 의해 Wald 신뢰구간은 근사성에서 심각한 문제가 있다는 것이 밝혀지고 있어 Agresti와 Coull(1998)에 의해 제안된 방법이 새로운 표준이 되어 가고 있다. Agresti-Coull 방법은 간편하면서도 근사성 문제를 획기적으로 개선하였으나 모비율에 대한 여러 가지 문제에서 보수적인 신뢰구간을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 베이지안 접근 방법에 의해 Agresti-Coull 방법의 보수성을 개선한 모비율 선형 함수의 신뢰구간을 제시한다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.377-393
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 두 모비율의 차에 대한 기존의 신뢰구간들을 소개하고 붓스트랩 신뢰구간도 제안하였다 또한 모비율의 차에 대한 신뢰구간이 가지는 성질로서 근사신뢰구간의 하향추정의 문제와 정확신뢰구간의 상향추정의 문제점들을 확인하였고 평균포함 확률, 구간기대폭 그리고 왜도성 측면에서 종합적인 비교를 하였다. 특히 모수에 대한 사전분포를 가정하여 여러 신뢰구간들이 지니는 특징도 살펴보았다 기존의 신뢰구간들과 제안된 붓스트랩 신뢰구간은 소표본의 모의실험을 통하여 실제 포함확률의 평균을 기준으로 비교되었고 이항분포에서와 같이 정확신뢰구간이 지니는 보수성을 확인할 수 있었다. 신뢰구간의 평균포함확률의 등고선 그림도 소개하였다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2020

In this work the properties of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized by electrochemical method using different water-alcohol proportions and alcohols have been investigated. The syntheses were carried out using 99% iron foils acting electrodes in a 0.04 M NaCl solutions at room temperature applying 22 mAcm^-2 on the working electrode, mostly obtaining magnetite nanoparticles. The impact of the electrolyte in the size of the synthesized MNPs has been evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), chronopotentiometric studies, and magnetic characterization. The results have shown that nanoparticles can be obtained in the range of 6 to 26 nm depending on the type of alcohol and the proportions in the mixture of water-alcohol. The same trend has been observed for all alcohols. As the proportion of these in the medium increases, the nanoparticles obtained are smaller in size. This trend is maintained until a certain proportion of alcohol: 50% for methanol, and 60% for the rest of alcohols, proportions where obtaining a single phase of magnetite is not favored.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of the study was to investigate major satisfaction, career choices and perceived career barriers in college students majoring in alternative medicine. Methods : A total of 315 college students majoring in alternative medicine in 5 universities in K city and J province completed survey questionnaires. Results : The highest proportions of students (38.4%) chose alternative medicine major because of their aptitude and interest. Students (59.0%) were satisfied in general with their majors. Regarding career direction after graduation, the highest proportions 1st of and 2nd year students answered that they haven't decided yet (33.7%). In addition, they wanted to get a job in hospitals (24.6%) and have more education (21.9%). The highest proportions of 3rd and 4th year students wanted to get a job in hospitals (31.3%) and 27.3% of them wanted to have more education. The most important criterion for choosing a career was a career aptitude (38.7%) followed by professionalism, vision, pay, and social status in both groups. Regarding perceived career barriers, the highest proportions of 1st and 2nd year students (31.6%) answered the lack of social recognition about alternative medicine while the highest proportions of 3rd and 4th year students (55.5%) answered the lack of national certifications (P<0.001). Conclusions : In general, students majoring in alternative medicine were satisfied with their majors. They wanted to get a job at a hospital and have more education. They thought that the lack of social recognition and national certification of alternative medicine would be career barriers.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to find out how to be pursued elementary teachers' science instruction according to their understanding toward science. Sixty elementary teachers were involved in the questionnaire, investigating understanding on the nature of science and the science teaching. Two elementary teachers' science classes are observed. Their instructional objectives were analyzed. And their understanding toward science was measured. Teacher A had consistent modern philosophical views of science on the nature of science and science teaching, and teacher B had not consistency Klopfer's science educational objectives category was used to analyse instructional objective. The ideal proportions of the instructional objectives of the observed classes were established from science education specialist group. You ideality index was calculated. You ideality index indicate how far from the ideal proportions of the instructional objectives the observed instruction is. Relative proportions of instructional objectives appeared in science classes were compared with ideal instructional objectives. Instructional objectives containing the modem views appearing classes observed were compared according to teachers' understanding toward science. As results, teachers' understanding toward science showed lack of consistency, which is consisted of modern philosophical view of science on science teaching: modem and classical philosophical view of science on nature of science. Teacher A's instruction was approached more closely to the ideal proportions of the instructional objectives, showing fewer You ideality index. Instructional objectives containing the modern views are more appeared and closer to ideal proportions in teacher A's classes than in teacher B's. A teacher having modern understanding on nature of science would instruct science with modern scientific philosophical perspectives. Therefore teacher preparation programs should include more contents about modern philosophical understanding on the nature of science.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.433-444
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• 2016

When we observe binary responses in a cluster (such as rat lab-subjects), they are usually correlated to each other. In clustered binomial counts, the independence assumption is violated and we encounter an extra-variation. In the presence of extra-variation, the ordinary statistical analyses of binomial data are inappropriate to apply. In testing the homogeneity of proportions between several treatment groups, the classical Pearson chi-squared test has a severe flaw in the control of Type I error rates. We focus on modifying the chi-squared statistic by incorporating variance inflation factors. We suggest a method to adjust data in terms of dispersion estimate based on a quasi-likelihood model. We explain the testing procedure via an illustrative example as well as compare the performance of a modified chi-squared test with competitive statistics through a Monte Carlo study.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2000

When we construct an interval estimate of two independent proportions with rare events, the standard approach based on the normal approximation behaves badly in many cases. The problem becomes more severe when no success observations are observed on both groups. In this paper, we compare two alternative methods of constructing a confidence interval of the difference of two independent proportions by use of simulation. One is based on the profile likelihood and the other is the Bayesian probability interval. It is shown in this paper that the Bayesian interval estimator is easy to be implemented and performs almost identical to the best frequentist's method -the profile likelihood approach.