• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2014

Background: Angiogenesis has been recognized an essential precondition for osteogenesis. Because reduction and disruption of the blood supply to tissue cause tissue hypoxia, pathological bone loss affected by hypoxia often can occur in various clinical conditions. The effects of propofol on the process of osteogenesis have received little direct attention. Therefore, we investigated the effect of propofol on the growth and function of osteoblasts under hypoxic condition. Methods: After propofol (3, 30, $300{\mu}M$) preconditioning for 2 hours, hFOB 1.19 human osteoblast cells were cultured under 1 % oxygen tension for 48 hours. Using real time PCR and western blot analysis, we analyzed the expression of, BMP-2, TGF-${\beta}1$, type I collagen, osteocalcin, HIF-1s and Akt. Cell viability was also determined by MTT assay. Results: Propofol preconditioning on hypoxic-cultured osteoblast promoted the expressions of BMP-2, TGF-${\beta}1$, type I collagen and osteocalcin and induced hypoxia-mediated HIF-1 activation and the expression of Akt protein. Propofol with $300{\mu}M$ significant decreased cell viability compared to control. Conclusions: Clinically relevant concentrations of propofol are not cytotoxic to hypoxic osteoblasts in vitro. Propofol preconditioning on hypoxic-cultured osteoblast stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast through induced expression of BMP-2, TGF-${\beta}1$, type I collagen and osteocalcin. Propofol might promote angiogenesis and bone regeneration under hypoxic condition.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2022

Background: Nonobstetric surgery is sometimes required during pregnancy, and neck abscess or facial bone fracture surgery cannot be postponed in pregnant women. However, dental surgery can be stressful and can cause inflammation, and the inflammatory response is a well-known major cause of preterm labor. Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic commonly used for general anesthesia and sedation. Studies investigating the effect of propofol on human amnion are rare. The current study investigated the effects of propofol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in human amnion-derived WISH cells. Methods: WISH cells were exposed to LPS for 24 h and co-treated with various concentrations of propofol (0.01-1 ㎍/ml). Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production was analyzed using a microassay based on the Griess reaction. The protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2), p38, and phospho-p38 was analyzed using western blotting. Results: Propofol did not affect the viability and NO production of WISH cells. Co-treatment with LPS and propofol reduced COX-2 and PGE₂ protein expression and inhibited p38 phosphorylation in WISH cells. Conclusion: Propofol does not affect the viability of WISH cells and inhibits LPS-induced expression of inflammatory factors. The inhibitory effect of propofol on inflammatory factor expression is likely mediated by the inhibition of p38 activation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.363-368
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• 1999

The effects of continuous administration of propofol on the blood, liver and kidney of dogs were evaluated. Propofol(5mg/kg) was repeatedly administered to 8 mongrel dogs intravenously for consecutive seven days. Time to recovery, body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured and recorded during experimental period. Hematology (WBC, RBC, PCV) and serum chemistry (AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine) were also monitored for eight days. Time to standing significantly decreased on day 4 and 6 compared with that on day 1. Body temperature 5 minutes after injection on day 5 and 6, and respiratory rate before injection on day 2, 3, 5 and 6 were significantly increased, respectively. No significant changes were observed in total WBC counts, total RBC counts and PCV values. The AST and AIT values were decreased on day 2 compared with those on day 1, but were within clinically normal range. There were no significant changes in BUN and Creatinine levels. This study suggests that consecutive day propofol anesthesia in dogs can be used for the purpose of the treatment and restraint.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2001

To investigate propofol's effects on ionic currents induced by ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) and glycine as well as on those produced by the nicotinic acetylcholine- and glutamate-responsive channels, rat dorsal raphe neurons were acutely dissociated and the nystatin-perforated patch-clamp technique under voltage-clamp conditions was used to observe their responses to the administration of propofol. Propofol evoked ion currents in a dose-dependent manner, and propofol $(10^{-4}\;M)$ was used to elicit ion currents through the activation of $GABA_A,$ glycine, nicotinic acetylcholine and glutamate receptors. Propofol at a clinically relevant concentration $(10^{-5}\;M)$ potentiated $GABA_A-,$ glycine- and NMDA receptor-mediated currents. The potentiating action of propofol on $GABA_A-,$ glycine- and NMDA receptor-mediated responses involved neither opioid receptors nor G-proteins. Apparently, propofol modulates inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter-activated ion channels either by acting directly on the receptors or by potentiating the effects of the neurotransmitters, and this modulation appears to be responsible for the majority of the anaesthetic and/or adverse effects.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2014

Background: Propofol is the most commonly used anesthetic for sedation and target-controlled infusion (TCI) is useful for dental treatment. However, it is important to assess and maintain an adequate depth of sedation in patients with severe intellectual disabilities Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the adequate propofol target concentration for dental treatment in severely intellectually disabled patients. Methods: We undertook retrospective review of the sedation records of severely intellectually disabled patients who underwent dental treatment under TCI propofol sedation from September 2011 to April 2012. We evaluated the initial target concentration, stabilized concentration of propofol and monitored vital signs, including BIS score using sedation records. Results: Total 20 patients (10 male and 10 female patients) were included in the study. Every participant was severely intellectually disabled. The mean sedation duration was $70{\pm}16$ (45-100) minutes. The initial propofol target concentration infusion amount was $2.7{\pm}0.45$ (2.0-3.0) mcg/ml. The propofol effect site concentration (Ce) was $2.6{\pm}0.7$ (1.0-4.0) mcg/ml. The average value of BIS was $52.6{\pm}13$ (28-81). During the treatment period, there were no severe complications. Conclusions: The average propofol Ce for deep sedation without any complications in intellectually disabled patients was 2.6 mcg/ml.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

Background: Various strategies have been studied to reduce the propofol injection pain. This study was designed to find out effect-site target concentration (Ce) of remifentanil at which there was a 50% probability of preventing the propofol injection pain (EC50). Methods: Anesthesia was induced with a remifentanil TCI (Minto model). The Ce of remifentanil for the first patient started from 2.0 ng/ml. The Ce of remifentanil for each subsequent patient was determined by the response of the previous patient by Dixon up-and-down method with the interval of 0.5 ng/ml. After the remifentanil reached target concentrations, propofol was administered via a target-controlled infusion system based on a Marsh pharmacokinetic model using a TCI device (Orchestra$^{(R)}$; Fresenius-Vial, Brezins, France). The dose of propofol was effect site target-controlled infusion (TCI) of $3{\mu}g/ml$. Results: The EC50 of remifentanil to prevent the propofol injection pain was $1.80{\pm}0.35ng/ml$ by Dixon's up and down method. Conclusions: The EC50 of remifentanil to blunt the pain responses to propofol injection was $1.80{\pm}0.35ng/ml$ for propofol TCI anesthesia.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2002

To investigate the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in dogs, experimental dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups (propofol infusion anesthesia, P/INF, propofol intermittent anesthesia, P/INTER, propofol induction anesthesia, P/ISO, thiopental Na induction anesthesia, T/ISO) and monitored analgesic and anesthetic effects, recovery time, body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic pressure. In all groups, apnea was not observed. In the P/INF group, the respiratory rate(RR) was slightly decreased, but in the P/INTER group, RR was increased and shallowing. In the groups of P/ISO and T/ISO, the respiratory rate was decreased. Heart rate(HR) was increased after induction anesthesia in all groups, but gradually decreased. Mean arterial pressure(MAP) was decreased after injection anesthesia in the groups of P/INF and P/INTER. In the groups of P/ISO and T/ISO, however, MAP was slightly increased. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure were gradually decreased after induction anesthesia, but not significantly. In the groups of P/INF and P/ISO, recovery time was shorter than the groups of P/INTER and T/ISO. In all groups, body temperature of animals was decreased gradually according to time but no significant changes were observed. Propofol injection doesn't make the complete loss of responses of animals, especially, in the P/INTER group. In the P/INF group, deep pain was present until the end of anesthetic period. During recovery period, any other side effects except incoordination were not monitored. The present study suggested that infusion anesthesia was superior to intermittent anesthesia as injection anesthetic agent, and propofol was better than thiopental Na as induction anesthetic agent.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.117-120
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• 1997

Cancer is a devastating disease, and the treatment of related pain is an extremely challenging task. Providing adequate analgesia while avoiding unnecessary drug effects often requires a polypharmacologic approach in cancer pain management. A 36-year old woman with breast cancer metastatic to the axial skeleton and bilateral hip joints was admitted to hemato-oncology service with complaints of intractable abdominal and hip pain. Despite rapidly increasing doses of intravenous morphine up to 350 mg per day; transdermal fentanyl; midazolam; ketorolac; lorazepam; dexamethasone, the patient continued to describe her pain as 10 of 10, refusing all surgical/diagnostic interventions not directly related to pain control. She did, however, consent to lumbar epidural catheter placement. The patient was sedated with titrating doses of propofol to assist with positioning. Even though the procedure was not successful due to significant thoracolumbar scoliosis, the patient admitted feeling better than she has in months during attempted placement. After continuous infusion of propofol was initiated at subhypnotic dose, the patient's analgesic demand was drastically reduced and described her pain as "1 to 3" of "10". Approximately 96 hours after the propofol infusion was started, the patient expired comfortably. There had been no change in her medical regimen during fecal 48 hours. In the case described, propofol was extremely advantageous as an adjuvant in the management of cancer related pain.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.337-342
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• 2002

Propofol(2,6-diisopropyl phenol) is a phenol derivative that is chemically distinct from other intravenous sedative hypnotics. It has been extensively used as a short term anesthetic agent, because of the rapid onset and short duration of action. Propofol microemulsion system was prepared with different concentrations of ethyl oleate, $Solutol^{(R)}$ HS 15 and $Kollidon^{(R)}$ 17 PF. Propofol microemulsions were studied by transmittance, viscosity, particle size, in vitro release and pharmacokinetics. The range of transmittance of A group with 4% ethyl oleate and that of B group with 5% ethyl oleate were 92.6~95.1 and 91.3~94.2%, respectively. Transmittance 1~2% decreased as concentration of $Kollidon^{(R)}$ 17 PF was increased and increased 0.8~3.3% when 10 times diluted with normal saline. The viscosity of A and B group were in the range of 3.9~4.1 mPaㆍsec and 4.4~5.3 mPaㆍsec, respectively. The particle sizes of A and B group increased as amount of $Kollidon^{(R)}$ 17 PF. Also, release of propofol was slowly increased as the amount of $Kollidon^{(R)}$ 17 PF was increased. Propofol plasma concentration by i.v injection showed 2-compartment model. Pharmacokinetics of A-5 was similar to that of commercial emuision(POFOL).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1400-1404
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• 2005

The aim of the present study was to develop the aqueous parenteral formulation containing propofol using o/w microemulsion systems. Propofol itself was chosen as the oil phase and its content was fixed to 1$\%$, w/w. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the concentration range of surfactant and cosurfacatnt and the optimum ratio between them for microemulsion formation. Consequently, the suitability of the chosen microemulsion system as a parenteral formulation was evaluated from the stability and hemolysis tests on that. Among the surfactants and cosurfactants screened, the mixture of Solutol HS 15-ethyl alcohol (5/1) showed the largest o/w mocroemulsion region in the phase diagram. When 1 $\%$ (w/w) of propofol was solubilized with 8$\%$ (w/w) of Solutol $HS^{circledR}$??? 15-ethyl alcohol (5/1), the average droplet size (150 nm) and the content of propofol in the systems were not significantly changed at 40$^{circ}C$ for 8 weeks. The hemolysis test showed that this formulation was nontoxic to red blood cells. In conclusion, propofol was successfully solubilized with the o/w microemulsion systems.