• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1849-1855
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• 2019

Background: Stroke patients require arm movement exercising for various stimulations in standing position for various stimulations rather than in a sitting position because they require integrated skillful movements, such as stretching, holding, and controlling. Objective: This study was conducted to provide foundational clinical data about lower limb global synkinesis in stroke patients using arm movements in a standing position. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The subjects were divided into a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 10), and a pre-test was conducted to evaluate leg global synkinesis (GS) and balance. Intervention method is stretching an arm to hold a ball, repeating supination and pronation of the hand only while maintaining the arm extended as much as possible, repeating shoulder abduction and adduction while holding the pegboard. This was followed by a three-week intervention during which re-measurement was conducted in the same way as was done for the pre-test. Results: The control group showed a significant difference in GS and balance during plantar flexion (p<.05), and the experimental group showed a significant difference in GS and balance during all movements (p<.05, p<.01, respectively). There was a significant difference in GS and balance between the two groups during dorsiflexion (p<.05, p<.01, respectively). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that human arm movements in a standing position can reduce GS in the affected limb, and balance can be improved by stimulating the surrounding tissues of the affected limb and changing them positively.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.20-31
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• 2021

This study aimed to pilot test a newly developed bilateral upper limb rehabilitation training program for improving the upper limb function of individuals with chronic stroke using a visual feedback method. The double-group pretest-posttest design pilot study included 10 individuals with chronic stroke (age >50 years). The intervention (four weekly meetings) consisted of five upper limb training protocols (wrist extension; forearm supination and pronation; elbow extension and shoulder flexion; weight-bearing shift; and shoulder, elbow, and wrist complex movements). Upper limb movement function recovery was assessed with the FuglMeyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity, the Wolf Motor Function Test, the Trunk Control Test, the modified Ashworth Scale, and the visual analog scale at baseline, immediately after, and four weeks after the intervention. The Fatigue Severity Scale was also employed. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity and Wolf Motor Function Test showed significant improvement in upper limb motor function. The Trunk Control Test results increased slightly, and the modified Ashworth Scale decreased slightly, without statistical significance. The visual analog scale scores showed a significant decrease and the Fatigue Severity Scale scores were moderate or low. The bilateral upper limb training program using the visual feedback method could result in slight upper limb function improvements in individuals with chronic stroke.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.85-93
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• 2023

Objective: This study examined differences in joint kinematics and movement variability of lower extremity between adolescent athletes with and without lateral ankle sprain (LAS) history during drop vertical jump. Method: Fourteen adolescent athletes with LAS history and 14 controls participated in this study. The independent variable was group while dependent variables were 3D joint kinematics and movement variability of hip, knee, and ankle joint. Ensemble curve analyses were conducted to identify differences in movement strategies between two groups. Results: The LAS group showed that greater eversion during jump phase compared with the control group. Additionally, less movement variability was found in the LAS group during the pre-landing and jump phases in ankle and hip joints compared with the control group. Conclusion: The LAS group may adapt the environmental constraints by reducing the movement variability in ankle and hip joints. However, training programs focusing on recovery of ankle function should be emphasized after LAS because excessive pronation for prevention of LAS during the jump phase may result in reduced performance.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.126-130
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• 2023

Background: Arm swing plays a role in gait by accommodating forward movement through trunk balance. This study evaluates the biomechanical characteristics of arm swing during gait. Methods: The study performed computational musculoskeletal modeling based on motion tracking in 15 participants without musculoskeletal or gait disorder. A three-dimensional (3D) motion tracking system using three Azure Kinect (Microsoft) modules was used to obtain information in the 3D location of shoulder and elbow joints. Computational modeling using AnyBody Modeling System was performed to calculate the joint moment and range of motion (ROM) during arm swing. Results: Mean ROM of the dominant elbow was 29.7°±10.2° and 14.2°±3.2° in flexion-extension and pronation-supination, respectively. Mean joint moment of the dominant elbow was 56.4±12.7 Nm, 25.6±5.2 Nm, and 19.8±4.6 Nm in flexion-extension, rotation, and abduction-adduction, respectively. Conclusions: The elbow bears the load created by gravity and muscle contracture in dynamic arm swing movement.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.28-36
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• 2006

In this paper, an algorithm to classify the 4 motions of arm and a control system to position control the prosthesis are studied. To classify the 4 motions, we use flex sensors which is electrical resistance type sensor that can measure warp of muscle. The flex sensors are attached to the biceps brchii muscle and coracobrachialis muscle and the sensor signals are passed the sensing system. 4 motion of the forearm - flexion and extension, the pronation and supination are classified from this. Also position of forearm is measured from the classified signals. Finally, A two D.O.F prosthesis arm with RC servo-motor is designed to verify the validity of the algorithm. At this time, fuzzy controller is used to reduce the position error by rotary inertia and noise. From the experiment, the position error had occurred within about 5 degree.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the intrinsic foot muscle training method can improve the medial longitudinal arch in patients with chronic ankle injury and with pronated feet, as well as to investigate for the most effective exercise method for these patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty men and women with pronated feet had participated in this study and were allocated to either the short foot exercise group (SFEG) or the towel curl exercise group (TCEG) randomly. SFEG and TCEG underwent exercises three times a week for 8 weeks, with three sets per day, totalling up to 5 minutes per day. The navicular drop test (NDT) was used in order to assess for changes in the medial longitudinal arch and the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) was used to assess for ankle instability of the chronic ankle sprain patients. Results: There was a significant increase in CAIT scores in the SFEG (p<0.05) and a significant difference between groups was presented (p<0.05). The NDT scores were significantly decreased in both groups (p<0.05). In the SFEG, the NDT scores were more decreased than in the TCEG (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that short foot exercises are more effective in providing intrinsic foot muscle training for patients with pronated feet among chronic ankle sprain patients. Furthermore, short foot exercises may be used to provide ankle stability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.738-743
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• 2007

In this paper, a muscle motion sensing system and an artificial arm control system are studied. The artificial arm is for the people who lost one's forearm. The muscle motion sensing system detect the intention of motion from the upper arm's muscle. In sensing system we use flex sensors which is electrical resistance type sensor. The sensor is attached on the biceps brachii muscle and coracobrachialis muscle of the upper arm. We propose an algorithm to classify the one's intention of motions from the sensor signal. Using this algorithm, we extract the 4 motions which are flexion and extension of the forearm, pronation and supination of the arm. To verify the validity of the proposed algorithms we made experiments with two d.o.f. artificial arm. To reduce the control errors of the artificial arm we also proposed a fuzzy PID control algorithm which based on the errors and error rate.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.231-244
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• 2001

This study was conducted to observe the effect on appendage muscle strength according to increase in occlusal vertical dimension. For this study, ten males with a mean age of 21 were selected. The subjects had a complete or almost complete set of natural teeth and reported no subjected symptoms of pain or dysfunction in the masticatory system. The tested occlusal splints were made at the position of increased occlusal vertical dimension of 2mm, 3.5mm, and 5mm from the ICP. Before and after wearing occlusal splints, the appendage muscle strength were tested by CybexII Dynamometer in each subject. The results were as follows : 1. When occlusal vertical dimension was increased, most of mean muscular strength values were increased except for those of supination and pronation of forearm at the position of 5mm increased occlusal vertical dimension. 2. The statistical analyses demonstrated that the increased occlusal vertical dimension position to be significantly stronger than intercuspal position for the muscle strength of the flexion and extension of hip, supination of forearm, external and internal rotation of knee, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of ankle (p<0.05). 3. At the position of 3.5mm increased vertical dimension displayed the highest mean muscluar strength value than other positions. 4. Statistically demonstrated values, except for supination of forearm, internal rotation of shoulder, were related to lower appendage. Therefore splint was more effective on lower appendage than upper appendage to make muscle strength increased. 5. The mean increased rate of muscular strength tested on knee(57%), ankle(42%), and wrist(20%) were higher than hip(31%), elbow(14%), and shoulder(17%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.355-361
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effect of low-dye taping on balance performance in subjects with flexible flatfoot. METHODS: Fifteen asymptomatic volunteers who had flexible flatfoot (age, $21.7{\pm}1.81$years; height, $164.80{\pm}7.57cm$; weight, $56.47{\pm}10.48kg$) were participated for this study. Navicular drop test was used to evaluate pronation of foot in three different conditions; non-weight bearing position without low-dye taping, weight bearing position without low-dye taping, weight bearing position with low-dye taping. And balance performance (anterio/ posterior, medial/lateral, and overall) was evaluated using the Biodex Balance System in three different conditions; one-leg standing without low-dye taping, one-leg standing with low-dye taping, and one-leg standing with low-dye taping in one week later. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess navicular height and balance performance across the three testing conditions. RESULTS: Significant and clinically meaningful improvement in navicular height was found after application of the low-dye taping. However, there was no statistically significant change in balance performance. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide evidence to suggest that low-dye taping does not affect balance performance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in foot type of female college students according to academic major in both feet. The subjects for this study were 216 female students who took liberal arts classes in Seoul. Dependent variables were students' field of study -specifically whether or not they majored in physical education. Analysis of students' foot type and Malalignment Syndrome were measured using Resting Calcaneous Stance Position (RCSP). There were five categories for RCSP angle: Severe Pes Planus (< $-5^{\circ}$), Pes Planus ($-3^{\circ}{\sim}-4^{\circ}$), Pes Rectus (${\pm}2^{\circ}$), Pes Cavus ($+3^{\circ}{\sim}+4^{\circ}$), Severe Pes Cavus (> $+5^{\circ}$). ${\chi}^2$ analysis was used for statistical analysis. RCSP for all subjects (432 feet) occurred at the following frequency: Pes Planus(43.9%), Pes Rectus(43.8%), and Pes Cavus(12.3%). These levels were different for physical education majors, with Pes Planus at 42.6%, Pes Rectus at 49.4%, and Pes Cavusat 8.0%. Non-physical education majors exhibited Pes Planus at 45.0%, Pes Rectus at 39.9%, and Pes Cavus at 15.1%. 15.3% (33 subjects) of all students had Malalignment Syndrome. In conclusion, 56.2% of female college students had a foot deformity. There was nearly four times more Pes Planus than Pes Cavus. According to these results, exercise can be prescribed to alleviate foot deformities, especially supination. Severe pronation and supination problems appeared less amongst students not majoring in physical education. Thus, although exercise might be one cause of foot deformity, it can also help resolve problems with over-supination. Further study will be needed to understand and resolve the specific mechanism of over-supination.