• Human Ecology Research
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.93-106
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to understand what we have learnt thus far on the sustainable consumption of natural resources by household in Korea. We propose a two-wing model designating households as the main agent of sustainable living where both the production of human resources and the consumption of natural resources take place. In the current study, we focused on the sustainability of natural resource consumption. Undertaking an empirical study, we selected 10 major journals that represent each area of human ecological research and then, identified 120 relevant studies regarding sustainability published since 2000. First, we classified 381 keywords into three categories: production, consumption, and social environment, and the identified studies were then classified in one of the seven categories created by combinations of the abovementioned three categories: production (P), consumption (C), social environment (S), production-consumption (PC), production-social environment (PS), consumption-social environment (CS), and production-consumption-social environment (PCS). The results showed that the sustainability of natural resources has been mainly investigated in the fields of clothing & textiles and food & nutrition. Further, consumer science research has been conducted in the area of consumption-social environment and consumption-production. The current study indicates that the field of human ecology has created and accumulated knowledge to support sustainable living. In the future, we need to conduct more integrated research across disciplines and methods and promote research interest in the underdeveloped area of sustainability research in human ecology.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2022

Purpose - Carbon emission standards are based on the "production-based carbon emissions" generated by the production of goods in the relevant country which were the existing measurement methods. However, can such carbon emissions measurement standards be established international? For example, some of the goods produced in developing countries are produced for the demand of developed countries. The method of measuring carbon emission based on the final demand of a certain country is called "consumption-based carbon emissions." This study compares productionand consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth in ninety-three countries categorized by income level. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the difference between production- and consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth. Also, our model investigated whether the EKC hypothesis in most of the previous studies that had been based on production-based emissions was also established in the consumption-based emission model. Considering the continuous characteristics of CO₂, we utilized the generalized method of moments (GMM), specifically a system GMM econometric technique because CO₂ in the previous period can affect CO₂ in the present period. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The results show that for the consumption-based CO₂ emissions model, CO₂ continuously increases as economic growth increases in the upper-middle income countries. The inverted U-shaped result was found in the case of the production-based model. However, in the lower-income countries, an inverted-U shape in which CO₂ emissions decrease at some point as the economy grows in the production-based model does not appear. On the other hand, in the consumption-based model, an inverted U-shaped result was obtained when estimating with system-GMM. Additionally, the proportion of manufacturing, energy imports, and energy consumption had an effect on both the production- and the consumption-based model regardless of the group's CO₂ emissions. On the basis of such assessments, policymakers need to consider not only production- but also consumption-based options. Originality/value - Previous studies have mainly focused on production-based CO₂ emissions, with most of them revolving around economic growth or the effect of various social and economic factors on CO₂ emissions. However, this study considers the relationship with economic growth using consumption-based emissions as a dependent variable by classifying ninety-three countries by income level.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1998년도 21세기 한반도 농업전망과 대책(한국작물학회.한국육종학회 공동주관 심포지움 회보)
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• pp.249-265
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• 1998

The yearly consumption of soybean ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 million tons in Korea during 1995-1997 with an increasing trend of annual consumption by 60,000 tons. Gross consumption of soybean was 1.74 million tons in 1997: 1.292 million tons for feed, 0.433 million tons for food and its processing, and 15,000 tons for seed and other uses. Particularly, Korea totally depends upon imports of soybean for feed and oil. Only about $40{\%}$ of soybeans used for food and its processing are supplied through domestic production. Korean markets will be open to foreign agricultural products except for rice in 2004 when the Uruguay Round treaty is completed. According to the Korean Rural Economics Institutes reports, soybean consumption in 2004 is expected to be 1.87 million tons that is higher than that in 1997 by 0.13 million tons. In order to meet the need for soybean, Korean government planned to supply from 0.17 million tons of domestic production plus 1.7 million tons of imports, and also planned to raise the self-supply rate of $9.1{\%}$ in 2004 from $8.6{\%}$ in 1997. According to the USDA reports on international soybean production and consumption, its production is expected to be 150 million tons over the world and the international market prices for soybean will be unstable in 2004. Based on these reports, international soybean trade capacity will be 36 million tons in 2004 that is lower than 39 million tons (accounting for $25{\%}$ of gross production) in 1597. Also, a term-end stock in 2004 is estimated to be 9.6 million tons that is low as compared to 18.6 million tons In 1997, In coping with domestic and international soybean production, consumption and supply, and further possible food crisis, national policies and continuous efforts are necessarily required to promote domestic production and to reduce imports of soybean.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

This study focuses on apparel production and consumption trends in major Asian economies in order to understand a paradigm change in the Asian fashion industry. A comparison of trade among ASEAN, NICs, and developed countries shows the changes that have occurred in terms of production and consumption of fashion products before and after 2000 in Korea, Hong Kong, and China. The flow of imports and exports in the apparel industry was analyzed using UN trade statistics data. The results found a change of industry structures in Asian NICs and ASEAN countries. Garment production bases have moved to lower cost regions like China and ASEAN; in addition, NICs sent a part of their export business in the fashion industry to ASEAN countries. The Asian fashion industry has transformed from a production base for developed countries into a consumption market with the emergence of newly industrializing economies.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

Rearing temperature influences food consumption, conversion and cocoon production in silkworm Bombyx mori L. Young age $({1^st}to{3^rd} instar)$ worms of Pure Mysore, a multivoltine were reared at 26, 28, 30 and $32^{\circ}C$ followed by combinations of these temperature levels during late age $({4^th} and {5^th} instar)$. Food consumption, conversion, larval duration and growth for each instar were recorded. The influence of combinations of these temperature levels during rearing on survival and cocoon production was assessed. Food consumption increased with the temperature up to $4^th$ instar and decreased during $5^th$ instar. Temperature beyond $28^{\circ}C$ during young age followed by higher temperature ($30^{\circ}C$ and above) has shown deleterious effect on cocoon production. The paper discusses the rearing performance in relation to food intake and conversion under the tested temperature levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.984-991
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• 2018

The beef industry is an important part of livestock and meat production in China. China ranks third in the world for beef production. With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, beef consumption has grown rapidly, and beef consumption has been increasing with rising per capita gross domestic production. However, the domestic beef industry in China has not been able to keep pace with growth in consumption, making China a net importer of beef from other countries. Moreover, the volume of production has increased little despite rising demand. The slowing of growth in beef production in recent years has led to a sharp rise in beef prices. Domestic beef production and consumption is restricted by a shortage of beef cattle inventory. The Chinese beef industry is facing many technical problems including transformation of traditional practices, feeding and management systems, and genetic improvement of cattle breeds. The long-term, sustainable development of the Chinese beef industry is an important issue for China.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.691-697
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• 2011

In this study, by using the Water footprint technique, the water consumption by washing machines, which holds higher ranks in using water than any other electric appliances, was analyzed during their life cycle. The life cycle is defined as raw materials production step, manufacturing step, and using step. In raw materials production step, Input materials were researched by using LCI DB(Life Cycle Inventory Database) and the water consumption was calculated with consideration of approximately 65% Input materials which were based weight. In manufacturing step, the water consumption was calculated by the amount of energy used in assembly factories and components subcontractors and emission factor of energy. In using step, referring to guidelines on carbon footprint labeling, the life cycle is applied as 5 years for a washing machine and 218 cycles for annual bounds of usage. The water and power consumption for operating was calculated by referring to posted materials on the manufacture's websites. The water consumption by nation unit was calculated with the result of water consumption by a unit of washing machine. As a result, it shows that water consumption per life cycle s 110,105 kg/unit. The water consumption of each step is 90,495 kg/unit for using, 18,603 kg for raw materials production and 1,006 kg/unit for manufacturing, which apparently shows that the using step consume the most water resource. The water consumption by nation unit is 371,269,584tons in total based on 2006, 83,385,649 tons in both steps of raw material production and manufacturing, and 287,883,935 tons in using step.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.37-56
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 제조업을 대상으로 에너지소비, 생산, 수출의 상호 인과관계를 분석하였다. 우리나라 제조업을 9개 산업으로 나누어 1991년부터 2013년까지 패널 데이터를 구축하여 VECM 방법론과 더불어 Demitrescu and Hurlin (2012)에 의해서 개발된 패널 Granger causality test 방법을 사용하였다. 분석결과에 의하면, 생산에서 에너지소비로, 수출에서 에너지소비로의 Granger Causality가 존재하였다. 하지만 그 역으로는 Granger Causality가 성립하지 않았다. 따라서 제조업부문의 에너지절약정책은 생산이나 수출에 역효과를 발생하지 않으면서 추진될 수 있다는 Qzturk (2010)의 보존가설을 지지하고 있다. 장기적으로는 생산, 에너지소비, 수출, 노동, 자본 간에 장기 공적분관계가 존재하며, 장기균형관계에서 에너지소비가 생산의 증가에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.349-364
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 제조업종의 전력소비와 생산활동 간 인과관계를 분석하기 위해 1985년~2011년 동안의 업종별 연간 전력소비량과 실질부가가치 자료를 이용하여 단위근검정, 공적분검정, 오차수정모형을 통해 시계열분석을 수행하였다. 연구결과 제조업 전체적으로 양방향의 인과관계가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 업종별 특성에 따라 구분하여 도출한 인과관계에서도 전력비다소비업종, 고부가가치업종, 저부가가치업종에서는 전력소비와 생산활동 간에 양방향의 인과관계가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 다만 전력다소비업종의 경우 전력소비에서 생산활동으로의 단방향 인과관계가 발견되었다. 이러한 결과는 전력수요관리정책은 효율개선을 우선적으로 추진하여 생산활동에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 최소화해야 하고, 증가하는 전력수요를 안정적으로 충족하기 위한 전력공급체계를 구축할 필요가 있음을 보여준다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.129-132
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• 1989

Mutton was the meat of choice among the Saudi Arabian citizens in Riyadh Metropolitan area, 1986-1987, followed by chicken, camel meat, fish and beef. The desirable taste of mutton that represented 68% of the total respondents was the main reason for its preference to other meats. The study also showed that Najdi sheep, which is the predominant local breed, enjoy a priority in its meat consumption among the other indigenous and exogenous breeds of sheep in the central region of the Kingdom. A loyalty to the Najdi sheep was witnessed even when the unit price was assumed to be doubled. Purchasing Najdi sheep for non-family consumption had dropped, although still ranked first among the breeds of sheep readily available in the local markets. The results also showed that, 41% of the sample individuals purchased at least one sheep per family per month, and more consumption of mutton took place during the winter months than during the summer.