• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.612-616
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• 1998

Optimal media and cultural conditions for the production of red pigment were established using Monasurs anka KFCC 4478. The optimal temperature and initial pH for the production of red pigment were 30$^{\circ}C$ and 7.0, respectively. Glucose turned out to be most suitable carbon source for red pigment production. Optimal glucose concentration was 3.0%. Addition combined of nitrogen sources of peptone and NaNo3 induced good red pigment production. Thiamine-HCI and nicotinic acid were increased the production of red pigment. Under optimal conditions, maximum red pigment production and cell growth were observed after 5 days of incubation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.472-478
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• 1995

Mycelial growth, color difference and productivity of red pigment of beni-koji by Monascus anka KCCM 11832 were examined with respect to it's pigment in submerged culture with various medium and culture conditions. Shaking incubation was more promoted mycelial growth and the production of pigments than that for non-shaking incubation, and red color became ten times deeper. The production of red pigment was the highest when incubated at 25$\circ$C for 7 days in pH 6.0, but mycelial growth was showed the highest at 32.5$\circ$C. The levels of carbon and nitrogen source for maximum red pigment production were 2% rice powder and 0.05% peptone, respectively and the level of peptone for maximum pigment production was lower than that for maximum mycelial growth. Among pigmentation promoting agents tested, MgSO$_{4}$, was found to be suitable for the production of red pigment, and the optimum level was 0.1%.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2003

The semicontinuous production of red pigment by immobilized cells of Bacillus sp. B H-99 was investigated in comparison with free cells. The red pigment produced highest productivity under the conditions of aeration of 0.2 mL/min and 2 mm diameter of gel beads by using 3.0% sodium alginate. Semicontinuous production by immobilized cells showed the highest productivity with replacement of fresh production medium in every 72 h for fourth fermentation cycle following the conditions of red pigment productivity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.264-269
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• 2000

This study is that of providing a fairly practical practival guide to the use of natural pigment in food industry. A strain isolated from marine resources was carried out the production of red pigment. The pigment showed UV absorption maxima at 520 and 550 nm. The color intensity in aqueous solution was fairly stable in the ranges of pH 5~8. The strain KS-97 produced a maximum yield of red pigment at$ 25^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs with pH 7.0. The strain KS-97 was iden-tified a Bacillus sp. based on morphological and biochemical characterization such as a rod from, motility, spore for-mation, Gram positive and catalase production. The production of red pigment indicated that the strain Ks-97 utilized at thigh concentration of colloidal chitin as carbon sources obtained maximum yield of red pigment at $25^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs. The highest production of red pigment was observed with cultivation in medium containing 20% colloi-dal chitin, 2.5g polypeptone, 2.5g yeast extract, 1.0g $KH_2$$PO_4$, 0.01g $MgSO_4$.$6H_2$O, 0.01g $ZnSO_4$, 0.01 g $MnSO_4$(per 1).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.400-407
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• 2013

The growth characteristics and production of color pigments by Monascus strains were investigated during liquid culture, and production of monacolin K in red mold rice was carried out by solid state fermentation. Four different Monascus ruber strains were cultured in potato dextrose yeast extract broth (PDYB) media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. The high producing strain for red pigment was not corresponded to the strain for yellow pigment. Production of red pigment was high in the strain causing the fast pH change in culture broth. Production of monacolin K in red mold rice by solid state fermentation was influenced by a combination of wet cell weight and spore density in inoculum by liquid culture. Most strains showed the high production of monacolin K in red mold rice, when submerged fermentation was carried out for 5 days as inoculum for solid state fermentation. These results suggest that submerged fermentation period of inoculum have an effect on the production of monacolin K in red mold rice by solid state fermentation, and monacolin K in red mold rice could be increased by controlling the condition of submerged fermentation for inoculum.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 1999

In this study, we tested possibility of replacing nitrite salts, which were always added during the meat product processing, with the metabolites produced by antimicrobial and red pigment producing Monascus strains. We have already shown that Monascus No. 116 strain has the highest antimicrobial activity among the strains isolated from Ang-Khak. Monascus isolate No. 229 was chosen due to its outstanding red pigment producing ability. The red pigment production by No. 229 was highest in the medium containing 8% sucrose, 2% yeast extract, 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.5% MgSO4. Optimum pH and temperature for the red pigment production were pH 6.2 and 3$0^{\circ}C$, was found in spot or Rf value 0.54 on TLC plate using ethyl acetate-acetone-water (4:4:1, v/v/v) as development solvent system. Isolate No. 116 and No. 229 were cultured in a optimal condition for the antimicrobial activity and red pigmentation. The culture concentrates were applied in situ to the production of instantly processed ham. Mixed application of 89 ppm Na-nitrite and 300 ppm of culture broth concentrate of Monascus isolate No. 116 and 500 ppm of red color produced by Monascus isolate No. 229 showed similar results with the single application of 94 ppm Na-nitrite. These results confirmed that the antimicrobial activity and red pigment of Monascus strains might be valuable to replace Na-nitrite salt in meat processing.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.431-437
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• 1998

Optimal media and cultural conditions for the production of prodigiosin-like pigment were established using Serratia sp. KH-95. Glucose and phosphate(K2PO4) stimulated the cell growth, but inhibited the production of pigment at concentration levels of above 10 g/L and 2.0 g/L, respectively. Addition of soy been oil or rice oil to the production medium accelerated cell growth up to more than 2-3 times, but the production of prodigiosin increased about 15-20% in spite of the good cell growth. The effect of pH on the production of pigment was investigated in a 5 liter-bioreactor. When the pH of culture broth was maintained below 8.0, most of pigment was attached to the surface of cells. When the pH of culture broth was above 8.5, however, about 70% of total pigment was suspended in the supernatant of the broth. The cell growth and production of pigment were inhibited at dissolved oxygen concentration of below 10% of air-saturation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.617-621
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• 1998

The production of red pigment from glucose by fed-batch culture of Monascus anka was investigated. In batch culture using fermentor, 200 rpm of agitation speed, 1vvm of aeration volume, and 10% (v/v) of inoculum size were optimal, respectively. The red pigment production was increased by removal of wall-attached mycelium. In an intermittent feeding fed-batch culture, dry cell weight increased to 30 g/l, adn the red pigment content reached 350 of absorbance at 495nm. In a continuous feeding fed-batch culture, dry cell weight increased to 22g/l, and the red pigment content reached 190 of absorbance at 495nm.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 1994

The characteristcs of monascus fermentation using a hyperpigment-producing mutant, Monascus sp. J101, were analyzed, and the extractive fermentations employing permeabilizing agents and resin were carried out to increase the productivity of red pigment. And the kinetic analysis was also carried out in case of the monascus fermentation using Amberlite XAD-7. The extracellular content of the red pigment produced by Monascus sp. J101 was about 17% of the total, and the production of pigment was regulated by its own product. The cell growth reached a stationary phase at 48 hours ofter inoculation, whereas the pigment production continued up to 100 hours, which showed the pattern of a mixed growth-associated type. During the fermentation, various permeabilizing agents were added to the culture medium and their effects on pigment production were examined. By adding 0.05% Triton X-100 at 48 hours of cultivation, about an 18% increase in pigment production was accomplished as compared to the control, 12% ethyle acetate and 15% for 0.05% deoxycholate, respectively. When a nonionic adsorbent, Amberlite XAD-7 was added to the culture medium at a concentration of 12.0% at 48 hours of cultivation, the pigment production was enhanced by about 48.9% as compared to the control.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.321-324
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• 2000

The Effect of pH red pigment production by Monascus purpureus ATCC 16365 has been studied in pH-controlled batch fermenter culture. A maximum of yellow and red pigments were detected using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 385nm and 495nm, respectively. Fungal growth and pigment production were favoured at low pH(pH 4.0-5.5). Especially extracellular formation rate of orange to yellow pigment was decreased compared with that of orange to red pigment at pH 7.0. In addition, the enhancement of ratio of extracellular to intracellular pigment and the red pigment production in pH 7.0-controlled batch fermenter was observed. However, the pH 7.0-controlled batch cultures depressed the total production of pigments. The pH change from 4.0 to 7.0 during batch fermenter cultivations sharply increased both red pigment production and the extracellular composition.