• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2017

The commercial development of unconventional gas is pursued in North America because it is more feasible owing to the technology required to improve productivity. Shale reservoir have low permeability and gas production can be carried out through cracks generated by hydraulic fracturing. The decline rate during the initial production period is high, but very low latter on, there are significant variations from the initial production behavior. Therefore, in the prediction of the production rate using deterministic decline curve analysis(DCA), it is not possible to consider the uncertainty in the production behavior. In this study, production rate of the Eagle Ford shale is predicted by Arps Hyperbolic and Modified SEPD. To minimize the uncertainty in predicting the Estimated Ultimate Recovery(EUR), Monte Carlo simulation is used to multi-wells analysis. Also, kernel density function is applied to determine probability distribution of decline curve factors without any assumption.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2004

The present study was designed to evaluate primary production organic matter in basin of lake around by execution of total maximum daily loading. BOD influent loading of Uiam lake was 2,819 kg/day, which was less then 28.3 percent, total effuluent loading as 3,619 kg/day, in comparision with BOD, total nitrogen influent loading was 4,681 kg/day, which was less then 10.0 percent, total effuluent loading as 5,150 kg/day. But in case of total phosphors influent loading was 73.3 kg/day, which was more then 34.2 percent, total run off loading as 48.3 kg/day. The result of survey reduction plan of primary production organic matter in basin of lake around which objectives of abstract is as follows. First plan was reduction of primary production organic matter by moving the outlet of municipal wastewater treatment center from present place to lake downstream. Secondary plan was improvement by diffusion type of outlet municipal wastewater treatment center. The third plan was reduction of environmental impact by passing and storing of municipal wastewater. Finally plan was decline water surface level which was present hydrouric retention time was reduction from 7.6 day to 6.0 day per meter.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2022

Today's universities have a keen interest in educational reform. The issue of population decline in college-age due to population decline is not new. Universities have been developing quantitatively for a long time and are now considering ways to survive rather than qualitative growth. Since the sharp decline in the school-age population due to the population decline has no clear solution immediately, universities are overcoming this crisis by creating many alternatives. Attracting international students is one of them. In this study, the effectiveness of photovoice was examined through the analysis of the case of the Korean-Japanese convergence cartoon class. The photo-voice method has sufficient potential as a teaching method for foreign convergence classes and can be expected to play a role as a teaching method suitable for students participating in convergence classes with different social, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. In particular, in the convergence class, since participating students generate research materials through photo production, it can be a tool for inner exploration necessary for webtoon production and a tool for narrative inquiry for storytelling. It is expected that expanding the understanding and use of photo voice will have the methodological value of convergence classes. In addition, the teaching method using photo voice produced in the composition of photos and stories is likely to be used as an appropriate tool for convergence classes for students with different social, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.509-514
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• 1999

Forty seven amylolytic Bifidobacterium strains were isolated on starch-containing agar medium from the faecal samples of the various age groups of Korean. From these amyloytic Bifidobacterium spp., two strains of KFRI 1535, identified temporarily as Bifidobacterium longum, and KFRI 1550, identified as Bifidobacterium breve, showed great macrophage-stimulating activity for the production of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and inteleukin-6. As the cell concentration increased the cytokine production increased, although in some strains the cytokine levels started to decline over cell concentration increased the cytokine production increased, although in some strains the cytokine levels started to decline over cell concentration of $250\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. the strains which showed high cytokine-stimulating activity generally showed greater production of nitric oxide even though differences were less between strains. Selected Bifidobacterium strains were compared for their fermentation capability in saccharified rice solution and in apple pomace mixture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1997

Sudax fodder (Sorghum sudanense ${\times}$ Sorhum vulgare) was ensiled in laboratory silos with or without 20, 30, or 40 percent broiler litter and 6 percent molasses with or without Candida yeast. The samples were analyzed for pH, lactic acid and nitrogen fractions at the start of the experiment and at 5 days interval, thereafter till 40 days. A sharp decline in pH and increase in lactic acid content was observed on fifth day of ensiling. Thereafter, the rate of pH decline decreased till 20 days and that of lactic acid increase till 25 days and the remained constant. Increasing levels of broiler litter had adverse effect on pH drop and lactic acid increase of silages. Total-N content of the silages had little variation throughout the ensiling period. A sharp decline in protein-N and increase in ammonia-N content was observed on day 5 of ensiling. Thereafter, the content of protein-N increased till 20 days and that of ammonia-N decreased till 15 days, but these changes were very small compared to that occurred during the first 5 days of ensiling. The level of broiler litter had inverse relationship with protein degradation and direct relationship with ammonia production. The yeast inoculum failed to produce any significant effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1218-1223
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• 2003

The effects of type (high and low voltages) and time (3, 40 and 60 min postmortem) of stimulation on drip loss and meat color at 24 h post-mortem were determined on M. longissimus dorsi of 38 crossbred steers and heifers. In addition, the effect of pH early postmortem (70 min postmortem) on the rate and extend of meat tenderization was examined. Either high or low voltage stimulation at 3 min showed a tendency for faster pH decline (p=0.052) and higher drip loss (p=0.08), and improved the color dimensions of L*, a* and b* (p<0.01), compared to stimulation at 40 min. This was equivalent to approximately one unit of an AUSMEAT color chip. On the other hand, although there were significant differences in pH decline between high voltage stimulation at 40 and 60 min, and between low voltage stimulation at 40 min and control sides, drip loss and meat color did not differ significantly (p>0.05). The results suggested that early application of stimulation, regardless of type of stimulation, improved overall meat color at 24 h postmortem through its effect on faster glycolysing rate. However, if the pH decline was moderate, the benefit of electrical stimulation on meat color was not apparent. An intermediate pH decline resulted in the lowest shear force. Due to differential ageing rates the optimum pH at 70 min postmortem increased with ageing time from 5.96, 6.07, 6.12 and 6.14 for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days postmortem, respectively. This implied that a small difference in the rate of pH decline was important, especially carcasses stimulated for very early postmortem, and the optimum rate of pH decline varied with intended ageing period. The study suggests that the beneficial or adverse effects of electrical stimulation on drip loss, meat color and tenderness is determined by the rate of pH decline, rather than by stimulation treatment and time of application per se.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.688-701
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• 2014

This article is focused on the agglomeration and decline factors of the footwear industries in Busan metropolitan area from the industrial cluster point of perspective. For the research, 'the components and network of industrial cluster model' are presented which is restructured of M. Porter's cluster model. Moreover, this research have examined the agglomeration and decline process of the footwear industries in Busan area and conducted a survey targeting footwear enterprises in Busan area. In the late 1980's, the footwear industries in Busan area formed the largest footwear industrial cluster in the world. However, the industrial cluster started to decline from early 1990's and now it is reduced in to 1/10 size of the past. The growth factors of Busan footwear industrial cluster include cheap and plentiful labours, penetration of OEM production, entrepreneur spirit, human resources network, government's support and so on. Moreover, the agglomeration of relative companies also created high competitiveness in this cluster. The decay factors are pointed out sudden rise of labour cost, shortage of factory site, rise of land price, alteration of government policy, international relocation of footwear production and growth of overseas industrial cluster. Busan footwear industrial cluster nowadays has declined in its size, but it is the only footwear industrial cluster in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2003

Refractory industry in technologically advanced countries has long been on gradual decline due to leveled-off steel production and decreasing unit consumption of refractories for steel. Notable technological achievements by refractory industry that contributed significantly to steel production are briefly reviewed covering from blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace to continuous casting. Future possibility to revitalize the refractory industry is discussed on the basis of the review, taking into account opportunities available in environment and energy related sector of industries.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.18-34
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate Dongdaemun fashion industry once thrived in Seoul, now in a rapid decline. For this purpose, three research themes are put forward. That is, to fix the boundary of Dongdaemun fashion industry, to analyze the characteristics of its value chain, production network and industrial agglomeration, and to search for the cause of its decline and to suggest political solutions against it. The following is the findings of this study. Firstly, Dongdaemun fashion industry has spreaded out over the last six decades and now its boundary can be marked within a radius of 10 kilometers of Dongdaemun Market in northeastern Seoul. Secondly, Dongdaemun fashion industry has a buyer-driven chain and star production network, and therefore can be assumed that it is spatially segmented industrial agglomeration. Lastly, its rapid decline is directly from the shrink of market demand on Dondaemun fashion, and inherently in the topological structure of its star production network. Thus the feasible political solutions can be found in that direction. Consequently, these results have academic implications for clearing up some previous studies' misunderstandings and getting over one of the long-criticized research biases that pervades in industrial agglomeration theory, primarily focusing on the successful regions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.27-38
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• 2017

While the practice of investigative journalism among public service broadcasters has declined in the 2010s, Newstapa, a nonprofit online news organization, emerged as a trustworthy provider of investigative reportage. This study explores the reasons why the realistic conditions for investigative journalism -- such as competent journalists, adequate support systems, and productive cultures -- were first realized and later changed among public broadcasters and in Newstapa. Governmental pressure and the public broadcasting managements' anti-journalism policy had a chilling effect on the production staff of public broadcasters. Their enthusiasm was affected and led to a decline in the production culture of discussion and teamwork. The staff's strong will to practice journalism and the persistence of a production culture that respected autonomy and guaranteed independence enabled Newstapa to become an influential investigative journalism institution in a relatively short period of time. This proves that meaningful investigative journalism is possible when the combined elements of competent and determined journalism practitioners, as well as a system supportive of extensive news gathering and independence of production, are in place. An investigative program is the outcome of ideal broadcasters' journalistic conditions and a vibrant and thriving production culture.