• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.281-290
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• 1993

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of degree of unsaturation (Experiment 1) and the chain length of constituent fatty acids of dietary fats (Experiment 2) on-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activities in the liver and small intestine of chicks. Chicks were fed experimental diets for 10 days and then killed for the determination of the HMG-CoA reductase activities in the intestinal epithelial cell and hepatic microsomes. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity showed the highest value in chicks fed the tallow-containing diet. Chicks fed diets containing safflower or coconut oil resulted in a significantly lower intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity in comparison with those fed the olive oil-containing diet. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly higher when fat-free and trilaurin were fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. This activity showed the lowest value in the chicks fed the diet containing tristearin. The HMG-CoA reductase activities in the jejunum and ileum were significantly or tended to be higher when trilaurin was fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. Except when trilaurin was fed, the presence of saturated fat in the diet did not have a significant effect on the intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity, unlike the effect shown when a highly unsaturated fat was added to the diet. There was no significant correlation between the HMG-CoA reductase activities of the liver and intestinal, and the HMG-CoA reductase activity and cholesterol content of the intestinal epithelial cells.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Kefir exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro against gram-positive and gram negative bacteria, as well as some fungi. The ability of LAB to inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria is well known. This inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage microbes may be due to the production of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, acetaldehyde, diacetyl, carbon dioxide, or bacteriocins. Lactobacilli are the major contributors to acid production and, hence, a determining factor in the flavor development in kefir. Lactic acid, proteolytic activity, and acetaldehyde are the essential flavor compounds in kefir. Both acid and bacteriocins contribute to the antimicrobial activity of kefir and kefir grains. Kefir is rich in proteins, calcium, vitamin $B_{12}$, niacin, and folic acid. Many studies have investigated the benefits of consuming kefir and have shown that it is a natural probiotic, which when consumed regularly, can help relieve intestinal disorders, promote bowel movement, reduce flatulence, and improve the overall health of the digestive system. Tibetan kefir, which is different from traditional kefir, is produced in China. It has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity that is nearly identical to that of traditional kefir. Kefir production is considered a rapidly growing food industry in China.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2004

$N^1$-Benzyl-4-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-21) and its analogs were chemically synthesized and their anti-inflammatory potentials investigated. JSH-21 inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7 in a dose-dependent manner, with an $IC_{50}$ value of 9.2 ${\mu}M$, where pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and parthenolide as positive controls exhibited $IC_{50}$ values of 29.3 and 3.6 ${\mu}M$, respectively. The inhibitory effect of JSH-21 on the NO production was attributable to its down-regulatory action on LPS-inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which was documented by iNOS promoter activity. In the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action, JSH-21 exhibited inhibitory effects on LPS-induced DNA binding activity and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-$_KB$). Structural analogs of JSH-21 also inhibited both the LPS-induced NO production and NF-$_KB$). transcriptional activity, where diamine substitution at positions 1 and 2 of JSH-21 seems to play an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.580-587
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• 2022

In this study, the physiological activity effect of trichosanthis cucumeroidis radix extract on antioxidant activity, whitening, and anti-inflammatory activity was checked, and the possibility of its use as a functional material was checked. The purpose of this study was to confirm the antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging activity of trichosanthis cucumeroidis radix extract, whitening activity effect through melanin production inhibition ability for melanin cell B16F10 melanoma cell, and anti-inflammatory activity effect through NO production inhibition ability for macrophage RAW 264.7 cell. As a result of the study, the concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity of the trichosanthis cucumeroidis radix extract was confirmed, and DPPH radical scavenging activity similar to that of the positive control Ascorbic acid was confirmed. It was confirmed that the melanin production inhibitory activity induced by 100 nM 𝛼-MSH and the NO production inhibitory ability induced by LPS 1 ㎍/mL were significantly suppressed. Accordingly, it is considered that the trichosanthis cucumeroidis radix extract may be used as a functional material having antioxidant, whitening, and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.405-410
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• 1995

In order to screen dextranase with high dextranolytic activity from microbial origins, dextranase producing fungal isolates were isolated from soil of the Taeion area. 197 strains with dextranolytic activities were isolated, out of which 3 strains with high dextranolytic activities were selected in the first screening. A strain (GR-98) with a best dextranolytic activity was selected in the second screening. The strain was identified to be similiar Aspergillus ustus by the morphological and cultural characteristics. The optimum culture temperature and initial pH for the dextranase production of the strain was 30$\circ$C and 7.0, respectively. The optimum culture medium was composed of 2% dextran, 0.3% KNO$_{3}$, 0.05% K$_{2}$HPO$_{4}$, 0.02% MgSO$_{4}$-7H$_{2}$O, 0.05% KC1, and 2.5 $\mu$g/ml pyridoxamine, and the enzyme production was maximum when the strain was subcultured at 30$\circ$C for 7 days.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of cultural and environmental parameters affecting the growth and bioactive metabolite production of the rare strain VUK-10 of actinomycete Pseudonocardia, which exhibits a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Production of bioactive metabolites by the strain was high the in modified yeast extract-malt extract-dextrose (ISP-2) broth, as compared to other tested media. Glucose (1%) and tryptone (0.25%) were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for optimum production of growth and bioactive metabolites. Maximum production of bioactive metabolites was found in the culture medium with initial pH 7 incubated with the strain for four days at $30^{\circ}C$, under shaking conditions. This is the first report on the optimization of bioactive metabolites by Pseudonocardia sp. VUK-10.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.532-539
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• 2018

Hair graying is processed by loss of melanin production caused by the decrease of activity and number of melanocyte and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in the hair follicle with increase of age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect the Black oryzasativa ethanolic extract (BLEE) on the melanin production. In this study BLEE at $8{\mu}g/ml$ or more showed a significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reduction power. BLEE at $16{\mu}g/ml$ or more showed promoted tyrosinase activity and melanin production. In addition BLEE scavenged intracellular $H_2O_2$ in 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence assay in B16F1 cells. However, Western blot analyses displayed that BLEE decreased the expression level of catalase, but no effect on the expression level of tyrosinase, tyrosinase associated protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase associated protein-2 (TRP-2) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) transcription factor involved in melanogenesis. Thus, the promotive effect of BLEE on melanin production is attributed to the increase of tyrosinase activity and the reduction of intracellular $H_2O_2$ level. In conclusion, BLEE played a key role in in promoting melanin production, which suggests that the BLEE could be applied as a potential functional material in the development of hair care cosmetics related to the promotion of melanin production for the growth of black hair.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.837-842
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of 50% ethylalcohol extracts of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don (LE) on the activity of murine immune cells. LE was administered orally once a day for 7 days at the dose of 250 mg/kg. LE increased the cell viability of thymocytes, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo system, but decreased the cell viability of thymocytes and splenocytes in the presence of concanavalin A in vivo system. Also, the administration of LE was increased the production of ${\gamma}$-interferone, but did not affect the production of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4. Furthermore, LE decreased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo system, but enhanced the production of nitric oxide. These results suggest that LE has a immuno-regulative action via stimulation of immune cells proliferation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1985

The production media, partial purification and the enzymatic characteristics of laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus were investigated. Among various media tried the double strength onion media showed much higher production of laccase compared to glucose and/or CMC added media. The laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus has the optimum pH of 5.94 for the activity and appears to be stable at relatively broad pH spectrum (4.7-8.7). The experiments on the temperature stability shows that above 90% activity could be preserved after holding at $30^{\circ}C$ for 40 min., 60% activity was remained after 40 min. at $50^{\circ}C$. The Km value of the laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus was estimated to be 3.209mM and the molecular weight of laccase was estimated to be 55,000 by SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 1995

The balance of microbial populations in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of all warm-blooded animals is critical to the maintenance of health and resistance to disease. The composition of the populations can be altered by diet and environment, making the host animal susceptible to disease, and reducing growth rate and feed efficiency. Some feed additives including antimicrobial agents, prohiotics or yucca extract have been used to promote growth and feed utilization. There is evidence that part of growth-promoting effect of those feed additives results from the suppression of microbial urease activity or ammonia production in the GI contents of animals. Over 200 microbial species have been known to produce urease and the product of urea hydrolysis, ammonia, is toxic to animals. Carefully tested probiotics or other urease-suppressing agents can be a possible alternative to antimicrobial agents including antibiotics as growth promotants used for animals feeds.