• Title/Summary/Keyword: product sale

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An Arbitral Case Study on Burden of Proof for Non-Conformity of Goods Under CISG

  • Kim, Eun-Bin
    • Journal of Arbitration Studies
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.71-91
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    • 2022
  • The CISG does not stipulate the subject of the burden of proof, and in the arbitral award, the buyer is liable for proof compared to the seller for nonconformity of the product. Without a unified interpretation of the burden of proof of non-contractual goods, confusion of uncertainty may increase if the parties to the sale contract have a dispute due to the trade in goods. It is an important issue to create a unified regulation on this because the courts or arbitration agencies of the Contracting States of the CISG interpret and apply the "seller's obligation to conform to the goods contract" stipulated in this Convention in various ways. In this study, in the case of international Sales of Goods there is a tendency to prefer arbitration through arbitration agencies in the dispute, so the subject of burden of proof is analyzed through arbitration cases applied by CISG as the governing law. Most international commodity trading around the world is regulated by this Convention, but according to the rigid convention regulations, it is analyzed and interpreted through cases where this convention is applied to each country's international arbitration, suggesting the need for a rigid CISG revision.

Different Perception on Product Attributes of HMR: Focusing on College Students and Consumers (가정간편식의 제품속성에 대한 인식차이: 대학생들과 소비자를 중심으로)

  • Yang, Hoe-Chang;Kim, Jong-Baek;Kim, An-Sik
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.47-56
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    • 2016
  • Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in the degree of significance and satisfaction perceived by college students and ordinary consumers on the HMR product attributes. Comparison of the difference on HMR product attributes between ordinary consumers and college students who belong to the current and future consumption groups of HMR will provide information for clear marketing strategies and PR on target consumers from the aspects of companies. Also, overall difference on HMR was investigated through IPA(importance-performance analysis) on significance and satisfaction with each product attribute. This result will provide information to food companies that produce or supply HMR products to be supplemented and improved. Finally, IPA was conducted between groups on product attribute to find which difference exists between groups. This result is also expected to provide crucial information to companies as suggested in the first purpose. Research design, data, and methodology - The procedure of analysis is as follows. First, independent sample t-test was conducted on the significance and satisfaction on HMR product attributes. Second, with using IPA, the significance and satisfaction on HMR product attributes of the respondents were checked to investigate marketing strategy direction on overall HRM products. Third, the difference between generations was verified using IPA on the college student and consumer groups. According to this result, the direction of marketing strategy on HRM products was to be proposed to food companies. Results - It was known that consumers consider HMR product attributes statistically and significantly such as nutrient content(nutrition), country of origin, brand, main raw material, packaging, and awareness of manufacturer. They keep after purchase more importantly than college students who considered only volume and price than consumers. In comparison with the difference in satisfaction on HMR product attributes, the college student group was more satisfied than ordinary consumers only in flavor, condition of food additives, and volume. Also, HMR related food companies must maintain taste, cooking method, manufacturing date, expiration date, and safety on current products continuously. Finally, as a result of analysis from the groups, the attributes such as cooking method, manufacturing date, expiration date, and safety were considered significantly with high achievement by the two groups. It was known that college students considered food texture to be important, but consumers considered storage method to be important after purchasing it. Conclusions - There is necessity to differentiate effectiveness of products when releasing HMR products subject to consumers and college students. The result will give great assistance to the improvement of companies, produce or supply HMR products. It will also provide entry strategies on target groups of companies that are planning for entry. The factors that consumers commonly considered not to be significant were brand, package form(appearance), cooking time, and sale(purchase) location, which were found in the comparison with the groups that awareness about manufacturers and storage method after purchase corresponded to college students and that distribution route corresponded to ordinary consumers.

E-book Customer Service Satisfaction by Using E-S-Qual (e-서비스 품질 평가모형을 이용한 전자책 서비스 이용자 만족도 연구)

  • Kim, Dong Eun;Ahn, Nah-Yeon;Lee, Kyoung-Ryul
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.14 no.7
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    • pp.559-570
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study is to derive the suggestion of satisfaction of e-book services on the basis of the recent literature on quality assessment for e-service which have been mainly studied on library realm. For this purpose, This study added post-management service which is applicable to measure satisfaction of e-book services based on E-S-Qual and Libqual. We expand our scope of service to using of e-book content and services for individual customers, and analyzed the relationship between satisfaction with the system, the content, the after-sale service. On this foundation, existing e-book service companies can offer their services more efficiently, thereby making the e-book content more diverse, along with developing specialized e-book service to increasing their customer's satisfaction. In addition, the latest and diversity is important as well. Moreover, performing rapid post-management services after the sale of the product or service, can be important variables for customer satisfaction. Therefore, not only the system and content, providing required level post-management services by customers can satisfy the existing customers and create new customers.

Construction firm's CRM(Customer Relationship Management) Marketing strategy for housing market Focused on Model House (주택시장에서 건설회사의 CRM 마케팅 전략 - 모델하우스를 중심으로)

  • Choi Ik-Sung;Kim Jae-Jun
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.6 no.4 s.26
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    • pp.113-121
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    • 2005
  • The construction industry has also enolved according to the changes and requirements, therefore it coms to manage the relationships with customers. However, the customer management in the construction industry has not been quite genuine, since it has been mainly oriented for public relations and advertisements of companies. The genuine customer management should not only systemize customer data but also provide strategy to utilize it through managing relationships with customers as well as customer themselves. In this research, I have focused mainly on Model House. Marketing is very important planning & coordination to project. And I know that the development power of new product and promotion strategy as to customer needs and wants. The key factor in housing industry is the analysis of customer's needs that key success factor is execution of action plan to our customer. His success in business is in result of satisfaction for our high quality customer. Therefore the CRM system is add to customer satisfaction and increase earning power to a business

Characteristics of Agro-Healing Farms according to Business Motivation (국내 치유농장 경영주의 사업동기에 따른 특성 분석)

  • Kim, Ki-Yong;Gim, Gyung-Mee;Lee, Sang-mi
    • Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.173-183
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study was to identify differences by business motivation of agro-healing farm s in Korea. A survey was conducted for entrepreneurs in agro-healing farmers with self-administered questionnaires. Main results of this study were as follows: First, business motivation of agro-healing farm s in Korea can be classified to 1) education-oriented, 2) care-oriented, and 3) sale revenue-oriented motivation. Second, care-oriented farms provide healing services to people in need like the disabled. These farms may be required a long-term program such as residence-required format. And these farms need supports of health and medical service personnel or institutions. Third, sale revenue-oriented farms have sources of main income from agricultural products or processed goods made in these farms. Therefore, these farms may be required a business strategy such as product development, marketing rather than agro-healing programs. fourth, the estimation of a Multinominal logistic regression model determines the characteristics of agro-healing entrepreneurs who are most likely to opt for each type motivation of participating for agro-healing farm business. the most important determinants on business motivation of agro-healing farms were 'participants type in programs', 'program operating time', 'supporting health and medical service personnel or institutions' and 'program revenue ratio in farm operating revenue'.

Economic Evaluations of Direct Coal Liquefaction Processes (직접석탄액화 공정의 경제성 평가)

  • Park, Joo-Won;Kweon, Yeong-Jin;Kim, Hak-Joo;Jung, Heon;Han, Choon
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.127-132
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    • 2009
  • This report examines the economic feasibility of a commercial 50,000 barrel per day direct coal liquefaction(DCL) facility to produce commercial-grade diesel and naphtha liquids from medium-sulfur bituminous coal. The scope of the study includes capital and operating cost estimates, sensitivity analysis and a comparative financial analysis. Based on plant capacity of 50,000BPD, employing Illinois #6 bituminous coal as feed coal the total capital cost appeared $3,994,858,000. Also, the internal rate of return of DCL appeared 6.60% on the base condition. In this case, coal price and sale price of products were the most influence factors. And DCL's payback period demanded a long time(12.3 years), because of high coal price at the present time. According to sensitivity analyses, the important factors on DCL processes were product sale price, feed coal price and the capital cost in order.

Involved in Clothing or Involved in Fashion?

  • Lee Kyu-Hye
    • The International Journal of Costume Culture
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.51-60
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    • 2005
  • The goals of this study were to refine conceptualization of clothing involvement and fashion involvement and develop a distinction between the two construct. A questionnaire was developed for an empirical study. A total of 669 female consumers participated in the study. Results indicated that respondents were able to be segmented into four groups based on clothing involvement and fashion involvement. Consumers who were highly involved in both clothing product and fashion were likely to be young and not married. Consumers who were involved in clothing were likely to seek quality than consumers who were involved in fashion. Interest in brands was more related to fashion involvement rather than clothing involvement.

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Analysis of Multi-branch Inventory Distribution System for an Item with Low Level of Demand : Lost Sale Model (다지점으로 구성된 재고시스템의 최적화 분석 : 저수요, 유실판매 모형)

  • Yoon Seung Chul;Choi Young Sub
    • Proceedings of the Society of Korea Industrial and System Engineering Conference
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    • 2002.05a
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    • pp.349-357
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    • 2002
  • This research is basically deals with an inventory distribution system with several regional sales branches. Under the continuous review policy, each sales branch places an order to its supplier whenever on hand plus on order inventory falls on the order point, and the order quantity is received after elapsing a certain lead time. This research first shows the method how to apply the product with low lever of demand into the continuous review policy. For the application, we use an order level as the maximum level of inventory during an order cycle. Also we analyze the lost sales case as a customer behavior. Further we use variable demands and variable lead times for more realistic situation. Based on the above circumstances, the research mainly discusses those methods to decide the optimal order level, order point, and order quantity for each sales branch which guarantees the system wide goal level of service, while keeping the minimum level of the system wide total inventory.

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Impact of Net-Based Customer Service on Firm Profits and Consumer Welfare

  • Kim, Eun-Jin;Lee, Byeong-Tae
    • 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2007.06a
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    • pp.141-146
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    • 2007
  • The importance of the net-based customer service in delivering supplementary after-sale services associated with product has been well documented. The strategic advantages of a well-implemented the net-based customer service are enhanced customer loyalty and higher lock-in of customers, and the resulting reduction in competition and the consequent increase in profits. However, not all customers utilize such the net-based customer service. This is partly due to the e-commerce divide, and partly due to privacy and security concerns of the customer for sharing personal information with firms. The limited level of customer adoption of the net-based customer service affects the firm profits and the customers' welfare. We use a game-theoretic model in which we model the net-based customer service system as a mechanism to enhance customers' loyalty. We find that an increase in adoption of the net-based customer service by the customer base is not always desirable for firms. and that customers who utilize such services are better off only when the overall adoption is limited.

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Implementation of Product Recommendation System Based on User's Behavior in Social Curation Service (소셜 큐레이션 서비스에서 사용자 행동에 기반한 상품 추천 시스템의 구현)

  • Choi, Jin-oh
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.1387-1392
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    • 2015
  • SCS(Social Curation Service) is a service system to help sale and consumption with intelligent information about consumer's favor which is got from the combination of social service and internet shopping mall. This paper develops and analyzes some algorithms for catching the customer's preference tendency in SCS system. The developed algorithms are implemented to verify it's efficiency.