• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.653-674
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• 1995

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary patterns of university female students according to their residence type. As for subjects, one hundred and twenty students of Kongju national university were chosen as a total. They were devided into three groups ; those who live in family home, or university dormitory, or self-boarding house. In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day food records and questionnaire. The result was that mean daily intakes of calcium and iron were lower than RDAs in all groups. According to residence type, subjects of family home and self-boarding seemed to have more serious problem in the nutrients mentioned above considering the proportions of less than 2/3 of RDAs. Especially, iron status was poorer than any other nutrients in the aspects of this proportion and food source. Iron was taken largely from vegetable foods which were recognized as a source of low bioavailability of iron. The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 22, 29, 30 and 19. Thus, it proved that breakfast tended to be more negligent than any other meals, and that snack was an important means to give nutrients for subjects. This meal pattern might be one of the factor for the decrease of the dietary quality. Processed foods were founded to be an important source for providing nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients intake were 30.6, 29.5 and 46.2. However, other nutrient intakes from processed foods such as vitamin and mineral were small. And processed foods which give nutrients were mainly cereal products like ra myon, bread, and milk and milk products. Consequently, processed foods seemed to be selected as a combinient substitute food which supply calorie to fill their hunger. According to the living type, dormitory students had them more frequently than any other groups. Food habit score was within the category of poor or fair. Particularly, the score of self-boarding students was the lowest of groups(p<0.05). The major dietary problems were small or overating, missing meal and irregular eating. The degree of these problems was a little different among groups(P<0.01). Nineteen kinds of food were consumed per day, and family home and self-boarding students had foods less variously than dormitory students(P<0.05). Proportions of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner were 20.8, 12.5 and 8.3%. Accordingly, breakfast was missed more often than any other meals. And self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than any other groups. As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium and iron, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that breakfast should be regarded more importantly, and that processed foods should be taken considering nutritional balance. In view of residence type, subjects of family home or self-boarding had more dietary problems than dormitory subjects. Thus, these results suggest that university female students might have low ability of meal management, and dietary patterns were different by their residence type. Therefore, nutrition education for them should be carried out with respect to dewelling environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of snack intake and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) among 284 children aged $4{\sim}7$ years. The degree of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) were assessed by both children's mother and their teachers using Behavior check list. The subjects who had a higher ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) score ate more pizza, hamburger, chicken, processed milk, carbonated beverage. These results indicate ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) were related positively for snack(pizza, hamburger, chicken, processed milk, carbonated beverage etc.) intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1177-1191
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• 2016

Estimation of food consumption details, such as portion size and frequency of consumption, is needed for exposure assessment step in microbiological risk assessment. This study investigated the amounts and frequencies of 50 kinds of consumed livestock products. A quantitative survey was performed by trained interviewers in face-to-face interviews with 1,500 adults aged over 19, who were randomly selected from seven major provinces in Korea. Respondents received a picture of one serving size for each of the 50 livestock products, including meats, processed meat products, milk and dairy products, and eggs and processed egg products. A t-test and general linear model were carried out using SPSS statistics. The most important factor affecting consumption of livestock products was residence area. The most frequently consumed food was milk (2.6 times/week), followed by pork (1.4 times/week), liquid yogurt (1.3 times/week), rolled omelet (1.2 times/week), semisolid yogurt (1.0 times/week), steamed egg (1.0 times/week), ice cream (0.9 times/week), chicken (0.8 times/week), low fat milk (0.7 times/week), and beef (0.6 times/week). In the case of consumption amount, people living in a city consumed meat (beef, pork, chicken, and duck) 1.5 times more than those living in a village, whereas milk and dairy products and eggs and processed egg products were consumed more frequently by people living in a town. When people eat meat, they consume twice the amount of one serving size. Students consumed livestock and processed livestock products more frequently with greater portions all at once. People living in Seoul, Incheon/Gyeonggi, and Busan/Ulsan/Gyeongnam consumed livestock products more frequently in large amounts. Data from this study can be used for risk assessment of livestock and processed livestock products as well as education for safe consumption of livestock products.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.291-300
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• 2008

We survey recognition of nutrition labeling on the processed foods for the college students with distinction of sex and their major. The frequency of purchase that processed food is over the 3-5 times in a week. The man students preferred to have Ramyon, milk and milk products and the woman students' ingested snacks, soft drinks and sugar snacks. For another, the food major students like to have juice, soft drink, milk and milk products. Then again, the non-food major students ingested Ramyon, snacks and sugar snacks. The woman students and food major students show higher recognition of nutrition labeling and confirmation of it. The man student replied reason why to confirm nutrition labeling is to keep their health. But the woman students show interest to confirm nutrition content. The food major students confirm the nutrition labeling to determine the nutrition labels. The non-food major students did not confirm the nutrition labeling because they think it is an involved style. For knowledge of nutrition contents, the woman student and the student majoring food are well informed. But, all of the student show poor knowledge for staple foods, nutrient function and vitamin. As the research results, we suggest that the educated the student nutrition knowledge for nutrition labeling on the products. It helps to improve their dietary life and eating habits. And they can avoid buying of the processed foods by habit without confirmation of the nutrition.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2005

Purpose: To investigate changes in mother's stress, degree of depression and level of milk secretion hormones when the mothers provided massage to their new born babies. Method: The study was conducted with 65 women who had delivered at a convalescence institute in Incheon between Sep 25, 2003 and Feb 10, 2004. The mothers were assigned to a control group or an experimental group. Infants of mothers in the experimental group received massage from their mothers twice a day for 10 days beginning on the 4th day after delivery. The data were processed using $x^2-test$, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using the SAS program. Results: The level of cortisol, a stress hormone and depression were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.01 ;p=0.02). While fur plasma prolactin level, a milk secretion hormone, there was no significant difference(p=0.14). Conclusions: When massage was provided to new-born babies the cortisol level of the mothers decreased significantly compared to the control group which did not receive the massage. As the level of depression of the control group declined as time passed while the experiment group showed no difference and there was no difference in the plasma prolactin level, further study is suggested.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a computerized software program to help for reproductive management in dairy cows. The developed software program in the study is compatible with a window 95/98 or XP system. Data in the system were recorded, stored, and processed from two sources: 1) Data downloaded monthly from the database of the Korean Dairy Herd Improvement Association (milk yields, milk somatic cell counts, milk fat, protein, lactose and urea nitrogen content). 2) Data recorded by the farmer or veterinarians by the time (body condition score, heats, inseminations, veterinary diagnosis and treatments). These data indices after processing by computerized dairy management system were presented by numerical or graphical display. The presented data were obtained from three dairy farms with more than 50 milking cows. The presented reports of this program using milk fat, protein, urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts enabled the dairy producer and veterinarians to monitor the protein-energy balance and feeding management practice, and for distribution of diseases (mastitis, metabolic and reproductive disorder) in individual cows. The presented analytical reports of this program also included herd average of reproductive indices such as day to first insemination, days open, and inseminations per conception. This software program will assist in analysis, interpretation and demonstrate the results of reproductive trials conducted in dairy herds.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.581-593
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• 2010

This study was performed to find out the correct recognition and stabilization of the food labeling system, and the dietary behavior of college students for processed food as well as their recognition of the food labeling system as observed according to their residence type. A questionnaire was composed with three divisions containing general items, the dietary behavior for processed food and the effectiveness of the nutrition labeling system. The data was analyzed by SPSS WIN 17.0 and the results are as follows; The findings showed differences according to residence type were the intake frequency of processed food, the ways of preservation and the reasons of returning or exchange of the purchased processed food. And there was no difference in the recognition of dietary behavior for processed food and food nutrition labeling system. For overall perception of the dietary behavior and the recognition of the food labeling system, the ratio of college students who considered selection standard related to health when purchasing processed food was low. And the ratio of those who checked the label for milk and dairy products or instant food which is concerned with decomposition was high. On the contrary, the ratio of checking was relatively low for beverages, noodles and cookies. Many answered that the reason for having checked the food label was to find out the safety of the food and that of having read the nutrition label was to control weight and to check the nutrition ingredients. In general, many answered positively for the recognition and the necessity of food labeling system, but the actual practice of selecting and managing processed food was poor.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.488-494
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• 2010

Purpose : A human milk bank collects, processes, eliminates, and stores breast milk from donors and provides breast milk to those in need. The authors hereby present the experiences and the objective lessons obtained through operating a nationwide human milk bank over a period of 2 years. Methods : The characteristics of the donors and the recipients and the amounts of breast milk donated, processed, and received at the East-West Neo Medical Center Human Milk Bank were investigated from August 2007 to August 2009. Results : The donor pool consisted of 131 first-time donors and 39 repeat donors who made 341 and 127 donations, respectively. Seventy-nine percent of the donors resided in the Seoul-Kyunggi area, and 60% of the donors were in their 30s. Most information and motivation came from the Internet (66%) or television (14%). A total of 2,736 L of breast milk was collected, and 1,979 L were processed. The cumulative number of recipients was 160 preterm or full-term infants and 21 adults, each group receiving the breast milk 337 and 41 times, respectively. In total, infants received 1,663 L and adults received 179 L. Conclusion : Through the present study, the role and importance of a human milk bank in collecting, pasteurizing, and storing surplus breast milk in through sanitary, medically proven methods and providing this breast milk to recipients could be appreciated and reevaluated. The authors believe that a national support system is necessary to expand this practice to a nationwide scale.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.441-455
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• 2001

Korean food habits, dietary behaviors and perception of food were compared according to gender and age. The subjects were composed of 274 males and 315 females. According to age, the age group of 10s was 26.3%, 20s 24.6%, 30s 16.8%, 40s 18.7%, and 50s and over 13.6%, respectively. The majority (65.2%) of all age groups except the 20s took meals 3 times a day and the ratio 20s eating twice a day was higher than other age groups. All age groups took cooked rice(bap) two or three times a day and the 20s group took smaller amount than other age groups did. The younger age groups of 10s and 20s took larger amount of processed food. The older age groups appeared to have higher frequency of eating fish, bean, vegetable, Kimchi, laver.brown seaweed, soybean oil, sesame oil, coffee, tea, and rice cake(ddhuk). The younger groups have the higher frequency of eating ramyeon, corn flake, milk, milk-processed food, butterㆍmargarine, ham.sausage, carbonated drink candyㆍchocolate, hamburger, and pizza. All age groups perceived cooked rice(bap), meat, fish, egg, vegetable, fruit, and Kimchi to be the delicious, excellent and healthy food. According to the above results, age groups of 30s and over had relatively better food habits compared with those of younger groups. On the other hand, the groups of 10s and 20s had meals irregularly, showed a high ratio of skipping meals, and took processed food much. These results raised a concern of their nutritional imbalance in the future. Therefore, the correct nutritional education must be conducted to make these age groups have a healthy food habits.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.723-727
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• 2004

Qualitative and quantitative PCR methods were performed to examine detection and quantitation of epsps inserted into genetically modified soybean (GMS) in processed foods, soy milk, tofu, and biji (soybean curd residue). Using PCR amplification to produce two (121 and 330 bp) epsps in GMS, detection limits of GMS in soy milk, tofu, and biji containing 0.01% GMS were measured. For quantitative detection, test samples containing 1, 3, and 5% GMS were measured by real-time PCR method. Results show real-time PCR method is applicable to detect GMS quantitatively in processed foods.