• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2004

To observe and analysis ultra-microscopically barley aleurone cell surface, atomic force microscope (AFM) was used. Seed coat of early maturing germplasm, eam9, was dehulled and scanned by non-contact mode. We have obtained the high resolution topographic 3-dimensional image of barley aleurone layer with high resolution. These images showed the membrane proteins in barley aleurone cell. One channel protein and numerous peripheral or integral proteins were detected in a area of 100 $\mu\textrm{m}^2$. Furthermore, we found that their widths were ranged from 50 to 750nm and lengths from 0 to 66 $\mu\textrm{m}$. The thickness of aleurone layer was measured by scanning electron microscope. The thickness at early developmental stage was about 16 and then the aleurone cell enlarged upto 57 $\mu\textrm{m}$${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ at least until 42 days after anthesis. In this study, we firstly reported on the ultrastructural AFM analysis of living aleurone cell as a biological specimen. It was clearly suggested that AFM will become an powerful tool for probing both the structural properties of biological samples.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.43 no.6 s.312
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• pp.16-26
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose a 3D shape restoration system which measures height and surface shape of transparent ITO glass and delivers errors in focal length and incident angle of laser beam to femto-second laser micromachining. The proposed system is composed of a line scan laser, a high resolution camera, a linear motion guide synchronized to image capturing, and a control station. Also, we define the sensitivity indices that represent a relation between measurement error and a position of a camera and scan laser, and utilize it for optimum design. The results of the proposed system are compared with results of SPM(Scanning Probe Microscope) and prove the usefulness of the system.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.385-394
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• 2002

This study was constructed the correlations of the embryonic developmental rates and the frequency of chromosome aberration using ear-skin-fibroblast cell in nuclear transfer (NT) derived embryos. Karyoplast-oocyte complexes were fused and activated simultaneously, then cultured for seven days to assess development. The developmental rates of NT and in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos were 55.4% vs 63.5%, 31.7% vs 33% and 13.4% vs 16.8% in 2 cell, 8 cell and blastocyst, respectively. Firstly, the frequency of chromosome aberrations were evaluated using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with porcine chromosome 1 submetacentric specific probe. Chromosome aberration was detected at day 3 on the embryo culture, the percentages of chromosomal aneuploidy in NT and IVF embryos at 4-cell stage were 40%, 31.3%, respectively. Secondly, embryonic fragmentation was evaluated at 4-cell stage embryo. Frequency of embryonic fragmentations was in 51.3% of NT, 61.3% of IVF, 28.9% of parthenogenetic activation at 4-cell stage. The proportion of fragmentation in NT embryos was higher than activation embryos. This result indicates that chromosomal abnormalities and embryonic fragments are associated with low developmental rate in porcine NT embryo. It is also suggest that abnormal porcine embryos produced by NT related with lower implantation rate, increased abortion rate and production of abnormal fetuses.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2015

The Galactic center uniquely provides opportunities to resolve how star clusters form in neutral gas overdensities engulfed in a large-scale accretion flow. We have performed sensitive Green Bank 100m Telescope (GBT), Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA), and Submillimeter Array (SMA) mapping observations of molecular gas and thermal dust emission surrounding the Galaxy's supermassive black hole (SMBH) Sgr $A^{\ast}$. We resolved several molecular gas streams orbiting the center on ${\gtrsim}10$ pc scales. Some of these gas streams appear connected to the well-known 2-4 pc scale molecular circumnuclear disk (CND). The CND may be the tidally trapped inner part of the large-scale accretion flow, which incorporates inflow via exterior gas filaments/arms, and ultimately feeds gas toward Sgr $A^{\ast}$. Our high resolution GBT+JVLA $NH_3$ images and SMA+JCMT 0.86 mm dust continuum image consistently reveal abundant dense molecular clumps in this region. These gas clumps are characterized by ${\gtrsim}100$ times higher virial masses than the derived molecular gas masses based on 0.86 mm dust continuum emission. In addition, Class I $CH_3OH$ masers and some $H_2O$ masers are observed to be well associated with the dense clumps. We propose that the resolved gas clumps may be pressurized gas reservoirs for feeding the formation of 1-10 solar-mass stars. These sources may be the most promising candidates for ALMA to probe the process of high-mass star-formation in the Galactic center.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.154-154
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• 2012

지표에서의 토양수분은 작은 구성비를 가짐에도 불구하고 여러 수문 현상을 연계하는 매우 중요한 인자로써 최근 관련 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 토양수분은 침투나 침루를 통하여 강우와 지하수를 연결하는 기능을 함과 동시에 강우사상에 따른 유출특성에 직접적인 영향을 미치며 증발산을 통하여 에너지 순환을 연결하는 중요한 기능을 한다. 토양수분을 측정하는 방법에는 세타 탐침(Theta Probe), 장력계, TDR(Time Domain Reflectrometry) 등이 이용되고 있으며, 광역 토양수분자료의 보다 정확한 공간 변동성의 관측을 위하여 항공원격탐사와 인공위성 원격탐사기술이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. 인공위성 영상은 자료의 분석이 간편하며, 공간자료이므로 공간 변화를 분석하는 데 있어 매우 편리하다. 그 중 MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 위성영상은 저해상도 영상으로 극궤도 위성인 Terra와 Aqua 위성에 장착되어 있으며, NASA에서 필요한 정보를 받아 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 유역의 물리적 지형자료와 같은 방대한 양의 자료 수집 없이도, 모형이 구축되면 인공위성자료와 강우자료만으로도 신뢰성 높은 결과를 단시간 내에 효율적으로 산정할 수 있는 자료 지향형 모형인 ANFIS(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System)를 사용하였다. 사용된 퍼지변수로는 시험유역의 토양수분 관측자료와 강수량 및 인공위성 자료인 MODIS NDVI(Normalize Difference Vegetation Index), MODIS LST(Land-Surface Temperature) 영상을 이용하였다. MODIS NDVI는 시간 해상도 8일, 공간해상도 250 인 Level 3 영상이며, MODIS LST는 시간 해상도 1일, 공간해상도 1 km인 Level 3 영상을 사용하였다. 위성자료를 사용하기 위해 Korea TM 좌표체계로 변환한 뒤, 토양수분 관측지점이 속한 각 셀의 속성값을 추출하였다. 위성자료와 수집된 자료 및 토양수분자료와의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 입력자료를 다양한 방법으로 구성하여 입력 변수를 생성하였다. 생성된 입력 변수와 ANFIS 모형을 연계하여 각각의 토양수분 산정모형을 구축하고 대상지점에 대한 토양수분을 산정 및 비교 분석하였다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.188-201
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of online home learning in connection with extracurricular activities for lifelong education for the disabled in university on the cooking aids skills of cafeterias for the job search persons with developmental disabilities. Three people with job search developmental disabilities who have been in a state of unemployment for three years after graduating from a special high school course participated in the experiment. In order to verify the meaningful functional relationship between independent variables and dependent variables, multiple probe design across subjects, one of the main techniques of a single object study, was used. The experimental conditions according to the research design consisted of the steps of baseline, intervention, maintenance, and generalization. The dependent variable of this study is the restaurant cooking aid skills in the cafeteria, and three subskills such as side dish arrangement, sink arrangement, and dish washing were combined by task analysis. And the independent variable of this study was composed of procedures and methods to teach the environment, tools and materials related to the performance of dependent variables to the developmental disabled people at home by using real-time image technique through zoom service, and the contents of the performance by stages of task analysis. In addition, independent variables were applied to the subjects in the course of the extracurricular activities with the theme and contents of lifelong education for the disabled at university. Students who completed the above extracurricular activities practiced the intervention scene of the researcher through the screen sharing of zoom service. As a result, the subjects with developmental disabilities effectively acquired and maintained the positive response performance of dependent variables through independent variables. The subjects also showed high positive responses to generalization tests conducted in kitchens in cafeterias located elsewhere in the same university.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.229-237
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• 2021

The capabilities of the near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) for obtaining high resolution lateral topographical images as well as for mapping the spectroscopic and optical properties of a sample below the diffraction limit of light have made it an attractive research field for most researchers dealing with optical characteristics of materials in nano scales. The apertured NSOM technique involves confining light into an aperture of sub-wavelength size and using it to illuminate a sample maintained at a distance equal to a fraction of the sub-wavelength aperture (near-field region). In this article, we present a setup for developing NSOM using a cantilever with a sub-wavelength aperture at the tip. A single laser is used for both cantilever deflection measurement and near-field sample excitation. The laser beam is focused at the apex of the cantilever where a portion of the beam is reflected and the other portion goes through the aperture and causes local near-field optical excitation of the sample, which is then raster scanned in the near-field region. The reflected beam is used for an optical beam deflection technique that yields topographical images by controlling the probe-sample in nano-distance. The fluorescence emissions signal is detected in far-field by the help of a silicon avalanche photodiode. The images obtained using this method show a good correlation between the topographical image and the mapping of the fluorescence emissions.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.88-99
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• 2021

Purpose: Direct intraoral scanning and superimposing methods have recently been applied to measure the dimensions of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze various correlations between labial gingival thickness and underlying alveolar bone thickness, as well as clinical parameters among 3 tooth types (central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) using a digital method. Methods: In 20 periodontally healthy subjects, cone-beam computed tomography images and intraoral scanned files were obtained. Measurements of labial alveolar bone and gingival thickness at the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines were performed at points 0-5 mm from the alveolar crest on the superimposed images. Clinical parameters including the crown width/crown length ratio, keratinized gingival width, gingival scallop, and transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival sulcus were examined. Results: Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level was positively correlated with the thickness of the alveolar bone plate (P<0.05). The central incisors revealed a strong correlation between labial alveolar bone thickness at 1 and 2 mm, respectively, inferior to the alveolar crest and the thickness of the gingiva at the alveolar crest line (G0), whereas G0 and labial bone thickness at every level were positively correlated in the lateral incisors and canines. No significant correlations were found between clinical parameters and hard or soft tissue thickness. Conclusions: Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level revealed a positive correlation with labial alveolar bone thickness, although this correlation at identical depth levels was not significant. Gingival thickness, at or under the alveolar crest level, was not associated with the clinical parameters of the gingival features, such as the crown form, gingival scallop, or keratinized gingival width.

• Clinical Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2019

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of high-voltage microcurrent therapy in patients with herniated lumbar disc (HLD) presenting radicular or back pain. Method: This is a retrospective study with 33 patients who are complaining pain with HLD findings on magnetic resonance image. Microcurrent therapy was applied to leg or paralumbar area. Treatment was conducted for seven minutes with 250~1000 uA intensity as high as the patients could tolerate via stimulating probe with roller type and the frequency was 60 Hz with a sine wave pulse. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured just before and after the treatment. Results: The degree of pain reduction (△VAS) was 1.6 points after treatment on average. The △VAS according to the diagnosis, stenosis, dermatome area, medication, pain site and caudal epidural block was not statistically significant. However, the △VAS according to the number of treatments (< 3, ≥ 3 times) showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.04). Conclusion: High-voltage microcurrent therapy may help reduce lumbar or lumbosacral radiating pain after the procedure. The effect was better when microcurrent was applied three times or more. This result suggests that the microcurrent would have cumulative effect on reducing radicular or back pain in patients with HLD.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.109-126
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• 1993

Refractory periodontitis manifest progressive attachment loss in a rapid and unrelenting manner regardless of the type or frequency of therapy applied. The purpose of this study was ta evaluate the relation between the level of cytokines in GCF and periodontopathic microflora with disease activity of refractory periodontitis. Selection of patients with refractory periodontitis (7 males, 3 females) were made by long term clinical observation including conventional clinical history and parameters. Teeth that showed pocket depth greater than 6mm were selected as sample teeth. Subjects were examined at baseline and after 3 months. Prior to baseline test, individual acrylic stent was fabricated. Reference grooves were made on each sample tooth site. Pocket depth and attachment loss were measured by Florida Probe. Gingival index was measured at 4 sites each sample teeth. Disease activity was defined as attachment loss of ${\ge}$ 2.1mm, as determined by sequential probing and tolerance method. The pattern and amount of alveolar bone resorption was observed with quantitative digital subtraction image processing radiography. Morphological analysis of subgingival bacteria was taken by phase contrast microscopy. Predominant cultivable bacterial distribution and frequency were compared between disease-active and disease-inactive site using immunofluorescence microscopy and selective microbial culturing. Levels of $interleukin-l{\beta}$, 2, 4, 6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF and blood serum sample were quantified by ELISA. In active sites, P. intermedia was significantly increased to compare with inactive site. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF were increased in active sites and IL-2 in serum was increased in active patients significantly. Alveolar bone loss in active site was correlated with $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2 in GCF. And loss of attachment in active site was correlated with IL-2 in GCF. These results demonstrate that IL-2 in serum, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in GCF, P, intermedia might be used as possible predictors of disease activity in refractory periodontitis before it is clinically expressed as attachment loss and quantitative alveolar bone change.