• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.71-86
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of university education expenditure and how university education expenditure affected household finance such as total household expenditure after excluding education expenditure, savings, and debts respectively. The data were drawn from the 8th Korean Labor & Income Panel Study conducted by the Korean Labor Institute, and 563 households with children attending university were selected. The t-test, F-test (Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc test), OLS, and Heckman's two-step estimation were utilized by SAS 9.1 and SPSS 12.0 for Windows. The results were as follows: First, average annual tuition was found to be 6,170,000won(21.5% of total annual household expenditures) and average annual private education expenses were 4,920,000won(15.9% of total annual household expenditures). Second, the higher the household income levels, the more spent on university education, whereas the higher the household income level, the lower the household expenditure-to-university education ratio. Third, tuition and private education expenses had a negative impact on household expenditures after excluding education expenditure.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.315-331
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine current situations about and factors related to expenditures of private education among pre-school children and to provide policy implications useful for future pre-school children education. The subjects of the study were parents of pre-school children under seven years of age, who lived in Seoul and Incheon area. The survey was conducted using parent questionnaire. The major findings of the study are: First, 86.8% of parents of pre-school children use private education and the average expenditure on it was 154, 446 won. Second, major factors determining their private education expenditure are educational level of parents, parents' job characteristics, household income, and region. Third, the most important reason for using private education among parents is to improve and excel in academic performance of their children. Forth, the higher the parents' expected returns from private education are, the higher the expenditure level of private education is. Fitth, the results of the logistic regressions showed that parents' attitudes toward private education was the most important factor in determining household economic burden associated with private education. The odds were 5 times greater for the parent group with strong desire for private education than for the parent group without it and 1.2 times greater for the parent group with high-expected returns from private education than the parent group without it. In conclusion, systematic, universal educational policies need to be developed to provide and support all the parents with pre-school children, given that their current economic burden is substantial. By providing such support, we can help parents focus on public education. This study examining current situations about and determining factors related to private education expenditures among pre-school children collected data limiting only Seoul and Inchoen area, therefore, future studies need to include data collected nationwide for generalizability of the findings. As well, development of more elaborated survey instruments and analytical methods would advance our understanding in the field.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the parent's socioeconomic status to the academic achievement, together with the mediation effect of the private education expenditure. The structural equation modeling (SEM) method is used with the survey of private education expenditures data collected by Statistics Korea in 2011. In SEM, the multi-group effect is also analyzed for gender, region and school level. The analysis results show that the high socioeconomic status of parent tends to increase the private education expenditures but does not affect the academic achievement, and there are the significant multi-group effect for gender, region, and school level.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.61-89
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• 2009

This paper undertakes an international study on impacts of private education spending on student academic performance, using the OECD's PISA 2006 data. To circumvent endogeneity of the education spending, it relies on a propensity-score matching method. The empirical results suggest thai the effect of private education spending remains only modest for all the countries examined in the PISA 2006 data. A 10 percent increase in spending leads to no more than a 0.6 percent average improvement in test scores.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.143-159
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• 2002

This study investigates inequality of the private educational expenditure using the Family Expenditure Survey of 1990, 1996, 1998, and 2000. The major results are: first, inequality of the private educational expenditure has been relived between 1990 and 2000; second, despite decrease in household income right after the Korean economic crisis, the private educational expenditure has been increased in the households having middle and high school students; third, the gaps in the private educational expenditure between income groups are mainly due to the differences in the spending levels of the private education rather than differences in the percentages of households who spend any in the private education; fourth, in 2000, the gini coefficient of the private educational expenditure among households having elementary school student is 0.4832, and 0.6468 among households having middle and high school students; fifth, 30% of the households having middle and high school students who show the highest level of the private educational expenditure occupy 80% of the total private educational expenditure made by the whole households.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.35-45
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• 2009

In this study, we conducted a survey on 12,000 parents of general high school students to analyze the users of EBS lectures the CSAT(College Scholastic Ability Test) and the reducing effect of private educational expenditures. Most of parents encouraged their children to study the EBS lectures, and actually the students listened to the EBS lectures. Also, there were a lot of suggestions which the EBS lectures helped to reduce private educational expenditures. 25% of whole respondent was reduced their private education expense, and 65% of them answered that educational opportunities were provided uniformly by the EBS lectures. Finally many of them opposed to the monetization of EBS lectures with internet.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.111-120
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between householder's education level and the education expenditure for children. The Family Income and Expenditure Survey data of the 2005 National Statistical Survey were used to examine the hypothesis. For data analysis, ANOVA and regression method were applied. The results are as follows: House-holds in Seoul spent 533,000 won for child education per month on the average, and 64% of the expenditure was for private education. Households whose householder's education level was high spent more expenditures on public and private education for children than the households whose householder's education level was low. When the household income level was controlled, householder's education level affected only private education expenditure.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.139-171
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• 2012

This paper examines the effect of private tutoring expenditures on academic performance of middle school students in South Korea, using data from "Analysis of the Level of School Education and Its Actual condition: Middle School". In the face of endogeneity of private tutoring expenditures, the paper employs an instrumental variable (IV) method and a nonparametric bounding method. Using both methods we show that the true effect of private tutoring on middle school students remains at most modest in Korea. The IV results suggest that a 10 percent increase in tutoring expenditure for Korean, English and math raises a student's test score of the subject at the largest by 1.24, 1.28, and 0.75 percent, respectively. The bounding results also fail to show evidence that an increase in tutoring expenditure leads to economically and statistically significant improvements in test score.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.237-248
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine and explain the extent of income-related inequity in health care utilization and expenditures to compare the extent in 2005 and 2010 in Korea. Methods: We employed the concentration indices and the horizontal inequity index proposed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer based on one- and two-part models. This study was conducted using data from the 2005 and 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined health care utilization and expenditures for different types of health care providers, including health centers, physician clinics, hospitals, general hospitals, dental care, and licensed traditional medical practitioners. Results: The results show the equitable distribution of overall health care utilization with pro-poor tendencies and modest pro-rich inequity in the amount of medical expenditures in 2010. For the decomposition analysis, non-need variables such as income, education, private insurance, and occupational status have contributed considerably to pro-rich inequality in health care over the period between 2005 and 2010. Conclusions: We found that health care utilization in Korea in 2010 was fairly equitable, but the poor still have some barriers to accessing primary care and continuing to receive medical care.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.484-492
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• 2022

In this study, we used the Korea Health Panel Study for 2017 raw data as analytical data to understand the factors that affect the catastrophic health expenditures of the baby boomer generation and the final number of analyzed was 808 people. Analysis methods performed frequency analysis, crosstabulation, and multiple regression analysis, with p = .05 at the significance level for all validations. The statistically significant differences among the baby boomer generation were education level, marriage status, health insurence, household income, drinking, smoking, subjective health, outpatient care, and inpatient care. The average number of illnesses in the baby boomer generation was 8.14, of which 7.97 for male and 7.97 for female. The average number of outpatient visits was 16.81, of which 14.81 recalls for male and 26.89 for female. More than 40% of the ability to pay the catastrophic health expenditures rate was 15.3% for male and 26.3% for female. The factors affecting the catastrophic health expenditure of babyboomer generation are as follows. that influence the widow's fence medical expenses are as follows. Male were private insurance, household income, drinking, and inpatient care, and female were private insurance, household income, and drinking.