• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

This study was conducted to analyze the priority of environmental problems in Korea by investigating the environmental professionals' perception. The delphi technique was applied to identify their risk perception towards some specific items related with pollution. A standardized questionnaire on environmental problems and their priorities was used to 74 subjects. In the questionnaire, the environmental problems were divided into the general ones,9 items, and the specific ones,30 items. Also, the perception was associated with two points of view which were the risk on general human health or ecosystem, and on the present situation in Korea. The priority of risk from general environmental problems on human health or ecosystem was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution', 'air pollution', 'soil contamination', 'waste', 'toxic chemical pollutants', 'food contamination', 'ocean contamination', 'odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. The priority of risk on the present situation in Korea was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution','air pollution','waste','toxic chemical pollutants','food contamination','soil contamination','ocean contamination','odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. And these priorities were significantly related with the characteristics of respondents such as sex, age, and major concerned area. However, for the first five priorities of risk from the specific environmental problems on human health or ecosystem, the environmental professionals agreed with 'automotive vehicle exhaust', 'domestic and industrial source pollutants to surface water', '$CO_2$nd g1oba1 warming effect','toxic air pollutant' and 'industrial source air pollution'. The priorities of risk on the present situation in Korea were similar to these results.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.441-453
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• 1994

Two extraction methods, liquid-liquid extraction(LLE) and solid-phase extraction(SPE), coupled with GC/MS were compared as preconcentration procedures for priority pollutants in water. Among the semi-volatile priority pollutants, 11 acid and 44 base/neutral compounds were spiked in reagent water. With LLE, which is a modification of EPA Method 625, the overall mean recovery of the 54 compounds was 91% with a mean relative standard deviation(RSD) of 4.6%. With SPE, the overall mean recovery of the 52 compounds was 53% with a mean RSD of 8.9%. The detection limits of both methods were in the range of $1{\sim}5{\mu}g/l$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2001

An intensive watershed survey including water quality measurement of 6 times was carried out in order to find out the relationship between pollutant load and water quality in a small stream watershed where livestock wastewater is the main source of water pollution. The findings from the survey are as follows. 1) The number of livestock showed large disagreement among county office, myon, and insite survey. It is vital to check the data at the beginning of watershed survey. 2) The fluctuation of streamflow and water quality was so large depending on the day of measurement that it is essential to set up continuous telemetering system to get reliable data about delivery ratio of pollutants. 3) It was helpful for setting the priority of investigation to check water quality and quantity at several points along the stream after dividing the watershed into 5 drainage areas. 4) To control the livestock wastewater, especially in case of cows, it is necessary to have roof system and prevent overland flow from the ground. In case of pig farms, it is recommended to have public treatment system instead of private treatment system. The exact emission load of livestock wastewater was difficult to estimate, and requires more study.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.393-400
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• 2004

Nitrosation of phenol (POH) was studied by adding hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite to phenol solution with reaction temperature and time change. The optimum condition of nitrosation was found from the effects of hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time changes on the production of nitrosophenol (POHNO). As a result, it was found that the optimum conditions were $5.0{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-3}M$ range of $NO{_2}^-$ concentration, more than 0.10 M of HCl concentration, temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, and 3 hrs. of reaction time. In this condition, 10 U.S. E.P.A. classified priority environmental pollutant, phenols, were nitrosated. Nitrosated phenols were: POH, 2-Chlorophenol (2ClPOH), 2,4-diChlorophenol (2ClPOH), 2,4-dimethylphenol (24diMPOH), and 4-Chloro -3-methylphenol (4Cl3MPOH), and a small part of 2-nitrophenol (2NPOH). The ${\lambda}_{max}$ values of nitrosated phenols in acidic solution were around 300 nm, and those in basic solution were around 400 nm. Molar absorptivities (${\varepsilon}$) at the 400 nm of the nitrosated phenols in the basic solution were 1.5~2.0 times larger than those at 300 nm in acidic solution. It was also found by Capillary-HPLC chromatograms of the nitrosated phenol solutions that the production of the nitrosophenols were interfered by the excess concentration of nitrite (more than $3.0{\times}10^{-3}M$).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.395-402
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• 1997

The comparison study between EPA method 3050 and the test method offered by Ministry of Environment in Korea was performed to investigate a matrix effect on extraction. In this study, 12 inorganic priority pollutants(Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, As, Sb, Se, Hg, Be, Tl) were spiked to the sludges and estuary sediment samples. The extracts were analyzed by AAS, HG-AAS, and ICP/MS. Results were discussed in terms of recoveries, relative standard deviations, and the method detection limits. Mean recovery of the elements except As, Sb, and Se was 93% when the procedure of EPA method was applied. The Korean extraction method, however. showed a significant matrix effect to give very poor recoveries.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.487-496
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to create soil contamination maps using QGIS (Quantum Geographic Information System) and suggest selection methods for soil pollution sources for preferential investigation in a soil contamination survey. Method: Data from soil contamination surveys over five years in Gyeonggi-do Province, South Korea (2013-2017) were used for making soil contamination maps and analyzing the density of survey points. By analyzing points exceeding the concern level of soil contamination, soil pollutant sources for priority management were identified and selection methods for preferred survey points were suggested through a study of the model area. Results: A soil contamination survey was conducted at 1,478 points over five years, with the largest number of surveys conducted in industrial complex and factory areas. Soil contamination maps for copper, zinc, nickel, lead, arsenic, fluoride, and total petroleum hydrocarbons were made, and most of the survey points were found to be below concern level 1 for soil contamination. The density of the survey points is similar to that of densely populated areas and factory areas. The analysis results of points exceeding the criteria showed that soil pollutant sources for priority management were areas where ore and scrap metals were used and stored, traffic-related facilities areas, industrial complex and factory areas, and areas associated with waste and recycling. According to the study of the model area, the preferred survey points were traffic-related facilities with 15 years or more since their construction and factories with a score of 10 or more for soil contamination risk. Conclusion: Soil contamination surveys should use GIS for even regional distribution of survey points and for the effective selection of preferred survey points. This study may be used as guidelines to select points for a soil contamination survey.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 1993

A geographical information systems(GIS) was a useful aid in the assessment of urban nonpoint source pollution and the development of a pollution control strategy. The GIS was used for data integration and display, and to provide data for a nonpoint source model. An empirical nonpoint source loading model driven by land use was used to estimate pollutant loadings of priority pollutant. Pollutant loadings were estimated at fine spatial resolution and aggregated to storm sewer drainage basins(sewershedsl. Eleven sewersheds were generated from digital versions of sewer maps. The pollutant loadings of individual land use polygons, derived as the unit of analysis from street blocks, were aggregated to get total pollutant loading within each sewershed. Based on the model output, a critical sewershed was located. Pollutant loadings at major sewer junctions within the critical sewershed were estimated to develop a mi t igat ion strategy. Two approaches based on the installat ion of wet ponds were investigated -- a regional approach using one large wet pond at the major sewer outfall and a multi-site approach using a number of smaller sites for each major sewer junction. Cost analysis showed that the regional approach would be more cost effective, though it would provide less pollution control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2017

In this research, I performed rainfall monitoring by selecting the spot which can represent high altitude cool farm region in recent 3 years, and tried to understand the characteristic of outflow of non-point pollutants coming from high altitude cool farm region. As a result, it was shown that reducing rainfall runoff in highland farm area can reduce non-point pollution load and should consider priority to reduce runoff through management resources when selecting abatement method. Additionally, it is judged that reduction method related to base run-off should be selected by performing research on material motion of TN.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

The Total Pollutant Load Management System(TPLMS) in the Han River basin is being changed from a voluntary to a mandatory system. Accordingly, this study suggests directions and priorities for research that can support implementation of TPLMS through an objective approach that deploys gap analysis and analytic hierarchy processes (AHP). Gap analysis indicated that TPLMS in Korea is still focused on compliance with regulations, and that implementation of TPLMS is still in its early stage. Improvements are thus needed in flexibility and effectiveness, including introduction of emissions rights trading, and upgrading to a renewable emissions permit system. The AHP study indicated that R&D will need to proceed in parallel in multiple areas to improve systems and resolve scientific uncertainties. Balanced R&D will be needed in both the institutional and technical groups. Subgroup analysis indicated that developing a reasonable process to establish water quality management targets is of the highest priority in the institutional group. In the technical group, higher priority will need to be given to improving model reliability and developing innovative pollution load reduction technologies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.581-590
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• 2017

For effective improvement of water quality in Seokmun reservoir, this study implemented various analyses including the tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring, contamination of sediment, investigation of pollution source, selection of priority management target tributary by stream grouping method. The COD concentration of the majority of tributaries in Seokmun reservoir watershed was relatively higher than BOD concentration. The concentration of water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in Yeokcheon, Dangjincheon, Sigokcheon, Baekseokcheon, small stream in Jinkwanri and Janghangri were higher than the other tributaries. The pollution sources in the Seokmun reservoir watershed were mostly distributed in the population, livestock, and industry. The pollutants, which located in Yeokcheon, Dangjincheon, Baekseokcheon, and small stream in Janghangri selected as priority management target tributary, should be preferentially reduced for improving the water quality in Seokmun reservoir. As the evaluation results of water quality in Seokmun reservoir for the effect of water quality improvement according to various scenarios using water quality model, it was found that the water quality in Seokmun reservoir due to the construction of a wastewater treatment plant for management of pollutants in the watershed would be satisfied the class V of water environment standard in reservoir.