• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.242-247
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• 2016

This study analyzed the energy consumption of a building pump system that was originally equipped with a primary-secondary zone pump system. Using the HYSYS program the energy consumption of the primary pump system was compared with the primary-secondary zone pump system. The primary-secondary zone pump system consumes less energy than the originally designed primary pump system. When the distance between the machine room and each building is assumed to be equal, the primary pump system can be more efficient than the primary-secondary zone pump system with decreasing the distance. When the distance is 120 m, the primary system consumes less total annual energy than the primary-secondary zone pump system and saves 2,773 kWh. The suggested energy evaluation program can be useful if the designer seeks a more efficient pump system.

• 대한종양외과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

Purpose: Double primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) represent the most common multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMT) in Korea. The recognition and screening of hidden malignancies other than the primary cancer are critical. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and survival rates in patients with synchronous or metachronous double primary CRC and GC. Methods: Between January 1994 and May 2018, 11,050 patients were diagnosed with CRC (n=5,454) or GC (n=5,596) at Gil Medical Center. MPMT and metastatic malignant tumors were excluded from this study. A total of 103 patients with double primary CRC and GC were divided into two groups: the synchronous group (n=40) and the metachronous group (n=63). The incidence, clinicopathologic characteristics, and survival rate of the two groups were analyzed. Results: The incidence of synchronous and metachronous double primary CRC and GC was 0.93%. Double primary CRC and GC commonly occurred in male patients aged over 60 years with low comorbidities and minimal previous cancer history. There were significant differences between the synchronous and metachronous groups in terms of age, morbidity, and overall survival. Metachronous group patients were 6 years younger on average (P=0.009), had low comorbidities (P=0.008), and showed a higher 5-year overall survival rate (94.8% and 61.3%, P<0.001) in contrast to synchronous group. Conclusion: When primary cancer (CRC or GC) is detected, it is important to be aware of the possibility of the second primary cancer (GC or CRC) development at that time or during follow-up to achieve early detection and better prognosis.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.383-399
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• 1998

Tooth development is usually described in four stages such as bud stage, cap stage, bell stage and crown stage. Exact time of appearance of tooth primordia is different among reports, and up to now there is no timetable regarding initial tooth development. To understand the congenital malformations and other disorders of the orofacial region, there is a need to establish a standard timetable on early tooth development. Till now, studies on the tooth development were mainly on later fetuses, and only few reports on early stage. Also, there were no reports on the time when bud stage turns to cap stage, and cap stage to bell stage. In this study, external morphology of face and the early development of the tooth, and transition of bud stage to cap stage, cap stage to bell stage were studied using 27 staged human embryos and 9 serially sectioned human fetuses. The results are as follows: 1. Mandibular region was formed by union of both mandibular arch at stage 15, and maxillary region by union of maxillary arch, medial nasal prominence, and intermaxillary segment at stage 19. 2. Ectodermal thickening which represents the primordia of tooth appeared in mandibular region at stage 13, and maxillary region at stage 15. 3. Bud stage began from mandibular primary central incisor at stage 17, and maxillary primary central incisor at stage 18. And the sequence of appearance was in the mandibular primary lateral incisor at stage 19, maxillary primary lateral incisor at stage 20, mandibular primary canine at stage 22, maxillary primary canine and primary first molar at stage 23, madibular primary first molar and maxillary primary second molar at 9th week, and mandibular primary second molar at 10th week of development. 4. Cap stage began from the primary anterior teeth at 9th week, and primary second molar still had the characteristics of cap stage at 12th week of development. 5. Transition to bell stage started from the primary anterior teeth at 12th week, and primary second molar started at 16th week of development. 6. Trnasition to crown stage started from primary anterior teeth at 16th week, and primary second molar at 26th week of development.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1999

To study the caries patterns in primary dentition, 719 preschool children, 4-6 years old, were examined for their caries activity(salivary reductase activity) and caries experience of individual teeth. Teeth groups were made by cluster analysis using dft indexes of individual teeth as criteria. The six major teeth groups in the order of dft index from high to low were (1) lower primary molars, (2) upper primary molars, (3) upper central incisor, (4) upper lateral incisor, (5) canines, and (6) lower incisors. There were significant differences in dft index between teeth groups except upper lateral incisor and canines. Upper and lower primary molars showed the highest correlation in dft index, and the next couples were upper central incisors and upper lateral incisors, upper lateral incisor and canines, upper central incisor and canines, upper lateral incisor and upper primary molars, and canines and upper primary molars in descending order. Upper first primary molar showed the greatest differences in dft index between caries activity levels.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this report is to provide accurate nationwide epidemiologic data on primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Korea. Despite its importance, there are no accurate statistics on primary CNS tumors in Korea. We analyzed primary CNS tumors diagnosed in 2005 from the nationwide registry. Methods : Data on primary CNS tumors diagnosed in 2005 were collected from the Korean Central Cancer Registry and the Korean Brain Tumor Society. Crude and age-standardized rates were calculated in terms of gender, age, and histological type. Tumors of uncertain histology were investigated individually at the corresponding hospitals and had their diagnoses confirmed. Results : A total of 5,692 patients diagnosed with primary CNS tumors in 2005 were included in this study. CNS tumors occurred in females more often than in males (female to male, 1.43 : 1). The most common tumor was meningioma (31.2%). Glioblastoma accounted for 30.7% of all gliomas, and 19.3% of all malignant primary CNS tumors. In children under 19 years of age, both germ cell tumor and embryonal/primitive/medulloblastoma were the most common tumors. Conclusion : This article is the first nationwide primary CNS tumor epidemiology report in Korea. Data from this study should provide valuable information regarding the understanding of primary CNS tumors epidemiology in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2014

Recently, surgical outcomes of repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have improved. For patients with TOF older than 3 months, primary repair has been advocated regardless of symptoms. However, a surgical approach to symptomatic TOF in neonates or very young infants remains elusive. Traditionally, there have been two surgical options for these patients: primary repair versus an initial aortopulmonary shunt followed by repair. Early primary repair provides several advantages, including avoidance of shunt-related complications, early relief of hypoxia, promotion of normal lung development, avoidance of ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, and psychological comfort to the family. Because of advances in cardiopulmonary bypass techniques and accumulated experience in neonatal cardiac surgery, primary repair in neonates with TOF has been performed with excellent early outcomes (early mortality<5%), which may be superior to the outcomes of aortopulmonary shunting. A remaining question regarding surgical options is whether shunts can preserve the pulmonary valve annulus for TOF neonates with pulmonary stenosis. Symptomatic neonates and older infants have different anatomies of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstructions, which in neonates are nearly always caused by a hypoplastic pulmonary valve annulus instead of infundibular obstruction. Therefore, a shunt is less likely to preserve the pulmonary valve annulus than is primary repair. Primary repair of TOF can be performed safely in most symptomatic neonates. Patients who have had primary repair should be closely followed up to evaluate the RVOT pathology and right ventricular function.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.489-492
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• 2015

Although Toxoplasma gondii infection in primary school children has been investigated in many countries, limited surveys have been available in primary school children in China. In the present study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in primary school children in Shandong province, China. Sera from 6,000 primary school children were evaluated for T. gondii antibodies with ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 16.0% (961/6,000), of which 14.5% (870/6,000) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, 3.4% (206/6,000) positive for IgM, and 1.9% (115/6,000) were positive for both IgG and IgM. The results of the present investigation indicated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in primary school children in Shandong province, China. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent and control T. gondii infection in primary school children in this province. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in primary school children in Shandong province, China.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송공학회 2012년도 하계학술대회
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• pp.160-163
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• 2012

업믹스(Upmix) 기술은 홈시어터와 같은 다채널 스피커 재생 환경에서 콘텐츠의 대부분을 차지하는 스테레오 음원을 다채널 환경에 재생하기 위한 채널 포맷 변환 기술을 말한다. 업믹스를 위한 전처리 단계로서 특정 방향으로 패닝된 주(primary)성분과 잔향 및 배경음과 같은 Ambient 성분을 분리하는 과정이 필요하다. Primary와 Ambient를 분리하기 위한 방법으로 채널 간의 상관도, 적응 필터 및 주성분 분석법(principal component analysis, PCA)이 널리 이용되고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 비교적 정확하게 Primary와 Ambient를 분리한다고 알려진 주성분 분석법을 이용하여 신호를 분리해 내고 이 때 주성분 분석법이 가지는 문제점을 해결한 향상된 Primary-Ambient 분리 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 분리 성능이 Primary 성분이 패닝된 각도에 영향을 받지 않으며 또한 Primary 성분에 섞인 잔여 Ambient를 제거함으로써 기존의 주성분 분석법 보다 더 정확하게 Primary와 Ambient를 분리 할 수 있고 상관성이 없는 Ambient 특성을 좀 더 정확하게 반영한다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제24권5호특별호
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• pp.571-582
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• 2005

This study aims to examine primary school teachers' interest and understanding of bioethical issues, and to analyze their perception of bioethics teaching in the primary school education. For this purpose, the questionnaires were constructed. The data were collected from 553 primary teachers in the whole country. Major findings of the studys are as follows. First, most primary school teachers showed high level of interest about bioethical issues, but they had the limited understanding about bioethical issues. Primary teachers showed the highest interest about' respect for human life' and the lowest understanding of 'awareness of current biotechnology' Second, the prior reasons why primary teachers wanted to teach specific bioethical issues in the classes were that 'they were closely related to social phenomena' and 'they were appropriate for enhancing students' awareness of the value of life'. Third, the lack of the teachers' knowledge about bioethics and limited supply of teaching materials were found to be barriers, which prevent them from teaching bioethical issues. The implications of these results are discussed for the improvement of bioethics teaching in primary school education.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.39-57
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• 2013

This study aims to examine problems of retail business operated by primary fisheries cooperatives and provide some suggestions for enhancing their retail business function. It reveals that although sales business function of fisheries cooperatives is very important for the members of Korean fisheries cooperatives, their performance and efficiency outcomes have been disappointing. The research offers six suggestions in two categories to resolve the issues. In the first category as a marketing plan for retail business of primary fisheries cooperatives, first, enhance of marine products business using local specialty goods. second, expanded of on-line shopping mall and third, joint marketings among primary cooperatives are necessary. In second category as an assistance plan of National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives(NFFC) for primary fisheries cooperatives, First, we needed to making logistics system for fisheries. Second, conducting retail business consulting for primary fisheries cooperatives. Finally, human resource development programs are needed. Primary fisheries cooperatives have to discipline faithfully as a cooperatives for NFFC roles as a cooperatives. So making marine products sales business as a core of a economy business of primary fisheries cooperatives in Korea is very important.