• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2012

Many advertisers utilize sponsored search in search engines since customers want to find relevant information on their purchases from the search engines. Many factors have influences on price per click of the sponsored search. These influences are different based on the types of keywords such as search/experience or prominent/specific. However, differences of the influences have not been studied well. Thus, this study wants to identify the differences of the influences according the type of keywords. One month data of keyword advertising were collected from Naver. The influences of search number, click through rate, and competition on price per click were different according to the keyword types.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1994

A duopoly model is developed in order to examine the effect of imperfect competition on the price-setting behavior of competing providers in a congested market. Multiple Nash price equilibria are found and the implications of such multiple price equilibria are discussed.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.133-153
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• 2002

인터넷 사용의 증가로 탐색비용이 낮아져 소비자들이 얻을 수 있는 정보의 양은 증가하였으며 가격에 대한 정보 또한 쉽게 취득하고 비교할 수 있게 되었다. 그 결과 동일제품을 취급하는 인터넷 쇼핑몰 간의 가격 경쟁이 심화되고 있으며, 소비자들은 제품 구매결정에 있어 다른 요소들보다 가격에 더욱 민감하게 반응하고 있다. 본 연구는 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 가격 경쟁을 줄일 수 있는 차별화 전략을 모색하고자 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 가격 민감도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴 보았으며, 가격 민감도에 따라 선호서점에 대한 선택이 달라지는가를 분석해 보았다. 연구대상은 국내에서 가격 경쟁이 치열한 인터넷 서적시장을 선택하였으며 연구 방법은 인터넷 서점에서 구매 경험이 있는 소비자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 가격민감도가 선호서점의 유형선택에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 가격민감도 영향요인을 도출하기 위한 탐색적인 연구란 점에서 의의가 있으며 향후 제품 특성 및 품질에 차이가 있는 비동질 제품 등 다양한 시장을 대상으로 한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.144-170
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• 2010

공공투자사업에서는 최저가낙찰제, 턴키 제도, 대안입찰제 등 다양한 방식이 사용되고 있다. 최근 가격경쟁을 통한 효율성 제고를 주목적으로 하는 최저가낙찰제가 확대되어 시행되고 있다. 본 논문은 우리나라 입 낙찰 제도의 현황과 특징을 파악하고, 대형 공공투자사업에 주로 적용되는 최저가 낙찰제, 턴키 대안 입찰제도하에서의 가격 경쟁효과가 직접적으로 드러나는 낙찰률을 비교 분석하는 것에 의미가 있다. 각 입찰제도의 성과는 경쟁의 행태에 달려 있음을 고려하여 경쟁률과 낙찰률을 중심으로 여러 입찰제도의 입 낙찰 현황을 분석하였다. 1,000억원 이상 사업의 경우 최저가낙찰제하에서 평균 입찰참여자 수는 33.75명, 평균 낙찰률은 61.18%로 나타나, 턴키 대안 입찰제의 평균 입찰참여자 수 2.94명, 평균 낙찰률 90.20%와 큰 차이를 보였다. 최저가낙찰제의 경우 규모의 차이를 고려한다 하더라도 낙찰률이 현저히 낮으며, 경쟁의 정도가 심한 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 낙찰률의 차이는 근본적으로 제도의 차이로 해석할 수 있으며, 경쟁의 차이로도 일부 해석할 수 있다. 민간투자사업의 경우, 평균 입찰참여자 수는 1.88명이며, 평균 낙찰률은 90%에 이르고 있어 경쟁 활성화를 통해 효율성을 제고할 여지가 있음을 제시하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.57-76
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• 2010

This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. To prevent excessive competition in punctual operation and its inelastic market structure, liner shipping companies formed conferences that are protected to fix the prices under the law. In the US, deregulation in transport sector began from 80's and continuing with OSRA 1998, conferences were dissolving. On the other hand, the EU with close conference system, Regulation 4056/86 contained block exemption remained in force for unlimited time without review clause. However, in Oct 2008, the EU has announced its removal, and conferences were no longer permitted to fix the price nor exchange information. Although OSRA 1998 has already broken up conferences by allowing individual service contracts, but the repeal of the immunity for price fixing will alter significantly the rule on cooperation in the industry since it is a unilateral move by the EU, especially in transatlantic lane. There are rapid changes in shipping market getting much more complicated, and with removal of 4056/86 allowing the market to be more competitive, opening up the industry with far more diverse strategic options. Hence this paper reviews on liner shipping industry and its changes of policies over the years from protected market to open competition market of today.

• 경영과학
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2000

The proliferation of electronic commerce(EC) has led manufactureres to consider Internet based marketing as a salient candidate for strategic diversification of marketing channel. In this case, each manufacturer can build its own Web store or rent an existing special EC store. Such decision making of ‘build’ or ‘rent’ can be analyzed by a game model which derives the Nash solutions for price and profit considering degree of competition with other competitive manufacturers. In this paper, to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional linear demand function, we first propose a new linear demand function which incorporates not only the price difference between competitive products but the awareness of Web stores perceived by the consumers, then design the game models to analyze the characteristics of three typical types of marketing channel in duopoly market. Based on the Nash solutions of the game models, we analyzed the effect of the degree of competition and Web awareness in selecting the optimal marketing channel.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2003

Competition among electric generation companies is a major goal of restructuring in the electricity industry. In electricity market, a huge volume of commodities will be traded through competitive bidding. The choice between uniform and pay-as-bid pricing for electricity auction has been one of most important issues in deregulated electricity market. This paper proposes a constrained Bertrand model for analyzing the electricity auction market of price competition model. The issue of the two pricing rules of uniform and pay-as-bid is studied from the viewpoint of consumer's benefit. This paper also shows that transmission congestion depends on the pricing mechanism. Pay-as-bid pricing gives less possibility of transmission congestion by price competition, and less burden to consumers in the simulation results.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.249-272
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• 2012

This paper examines how a Korean automobile firm price-discriminates between the Korean and the U.S. markets. We argue that a Korean automobile firm's pricing behavior depends on the differences in price elasticity over the segmented markets between the countries. Our findings are that differences in price elasticity may help explain why a medium-class car's price is higher in Korea than that in the U.S. while a small-sized car's price is higher in the U.S. than in Korea, which implies that a Korean automobile firm $3^{rd}$ degree price-discriminates on the same or similar products between Korea and the U.S. This type of $3^{rd}$ degree price discrimination differs from a typical home-bias effect (charging higher prices to domestic consumers) because a small-sized car which is produced domestically sells at higher price abroad. This finding can be added as a source that violates the law of one price.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.105-123
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• 2006

Previous research on two-sided markets has, for the most part, concentrated on indirect network externalities between buyers alto sellers. This paper considers direct competition effect among sellers and among buyers as well as indirect network externalities. We develop an analytic model of C2C e-marketplaces and examine whether a monopolistic incumbent could successfully deter new entry into its market. We find that the effect of the number of sellers or buyers on the price of goods depends on whether sellers have decided to sell the goods using an auction or fixed pricing rule and on the characteristics of the goods. We argue that when the effect of the number of sellers on the price of goods is significantly larger than that of buyers, there is a high possibility of entry. In particular, we show that entry becomes more difficult to deter as fixed-price format is adopted more frequently or the proportion of collectables is relatively low.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.749-754
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• 2006

The maritime logistics environment including seaborne trade, shipping and ports is changing rapidly and continuously. Large containerships, mega carriers and global terminal operators try to achieve economies of scale and economies of scope. As a result of the changing environment, the competition between ports to achieve competitiveness is intensive. Port competition among China, Japan and Korea is becoming fiercer, both directly and indirectly, resulting from the increased trade in northeast Asia. Port development projects within each country stimulate more intensive port competition. As a result, overcapacity, fierce price competition and overlapping hinterland problems will be caused in the future. Co-operation for survival is considered as a strategy in order to solve anticipated problems caused by port competition Busan port, for instance, could co-operate with China and Japan as well as with other ports in Korea Terminal operators' expansion through investments including joint-ventures will make connections between ports smoother. At the port authority level, continuous cooperative interchange between countries is indispensable.